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| 4559501411 | coenzyme | A non-protein substance that takes part in an enzymatic reaction and is regenerated for further reaction | 0 | |
| 4559502496 | Stays the same. | Competitive inhibitor on vmax? | 1 | |
| 4559505466 | Specific rate constant | A constant relating molar concentration of reactants to race of reaction (k) | 2 | |
| 4559510192 | Reaction reaches equilibrium | The velocity of the forward reactiion to form c and d would be equal to that of the reverse reaction for a and b in a strongly exergonic chemical reaction when? | 3 | |
| 4559512425 | #6 | DNA Ligase | 4 | |
| 4559512426 | Allosteric | Other shape | 5 | |
| 4559516945 | a product of another enzyme in the same metabolic pathway as the inhibited enzyme. | When a molecule binds reversibly to an enzyme and mediated feedback inhibition, the inhibitory molecule would most likely be? | 6 | |
| 4559518988 | Entropy | randomness/disorder? | 7 | |
| 4559521400 | Stage 2 metabolism | The initial oxidation of carbon to yield intermediated than can be further oxidised? | 8 | |
| 4559522819 | Glycogen | Major energy storage carbohydrate? | 9 | |
| 4559524328 | Hylauric acid | Glycosoaminoglucan found in human joints? | 10 | |
| 4559525128 | Epimers | Glucose and galactose are? | 11 | |
| 4559527068 | No as they dont contain glycosidic bonds. | Can glycosidic bond hydrolysis happen for a monosaccharise? | 12 | |
| 4559529969 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate----> 1,3 biphosphoglycerate | What step in glycolysis results in oxidation | 13 | |
| 4559536193 | triosephosphate | What is not a point of regulation in glycolysis? | 14 | |
| 4559538235 | Glucose-6-phosphate | What inhibits glycolysis? | 15 | |
| 4559539158 | No | Is ethanol a precursor to make glucose? | 16 | |
| 4559540208 | ATP | What inhibits pyruvate kinase? | 17 | |
| 4559543000 | No | IS cholesterol a biosynthetic precursor for CoA | 18 | |
| 4559544730 | Maximal velocity when enzyme is fully saturated. | vmax? | 19 | |
| 4559546284 | Michaelas constant defined as concentration of s at which v=1/2max. Affinity. | Km? | 20 | |
| 4559558039 | To see how fast forward reaction is going without affect of the back reaction. | measure velocity at the start? | 21 | |
| 4559565115 | Adipose tissue. | Where are fats stored? | 22 | |
| 4559567074 | Lower the melting point. | The greater the degree of unsaturation the? | 23 | |
| 4559575464 | If an enzyme is active or inactive. | Phosphorylation regulates? | 24 | |
| 4559588933 | Transition state | In an enzymatic reaction what does ES represent? | 25 | |
| 4559591264 | Give an alternative reaction path, lowering the activation energy. | Enzymes work by? | 26 | |
| 4559594981 | Vinit = Vmax[s]/Km+ [s] | Michaelis-Menten Equation? | 27 | |
| 4559598329 | Biological catalyst. | Enzyme is? | 28 | |
| 4559600927 | Vmax Decreases and Km stays the same. | Change in Km and Vmax in presence of a non-competitive inhibitor. | 29 | |
| 4559602659 | Vmad stays the same, Km increases. | Change in Km and Vmax in competitive inhibition? | 30 | |
| 4559607110 | increase as fatty acid chain length increases, decrease as fatty acid unsaturation decreases. | The transition temperature of a lipid bilayer membrane will | 31 | |
| 4559612273 | Oxaloacetate | What alpha-keto acid corresponds with the amino acid aspartate? | 32 | |
| 4559616768 | Glutamate | Ammonia can be incorporated directly into an alpha-keto acid by reductive amination to yield what amino acid? | 33 | |
| 4559621088 | Aspartate transaminase. | What enzyme is not used in aneuplerotic reations that convert carbohydrates to citric acid cycle intermediates | 34 | |
| 4559623932 | succinyl-CoA Synthase. | The only reaction of the TCA cycle which provides substrate-level phosphorylation is catalysed by? | 35 | |
| 4559626596 | Inhibited: Acetyl-CoA, NADH, ATP and FA Activated by: AMP, CoA, NAD+, Ca2+ | Pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited and activated by | 36 | |
| 4559630405 | Inhibited: Increased ATP, citrate, succinyl-CoA and NADH Activated by: ADP | Citrate synthase activated and inhibited by | 37 | |
| 4559632755 | Activated by: ADP and Ca2+ Inhibited by: NADH and ATP | Isocitrate Dehydrogenase activation and inhibition | 38 | |
| 4559636737 | Inhibited by: succinyl-CoA and NADH Activated by: Ca2+ | alpha-keto glutarate activation and inhibition | 39 | |
| 4559641101 | NADH | Malate dehydrogenase inhibited by? | 40 | |
| 4596445185 | Produced when oxaloacetate is in insufficient supply and when carbohydrate metabolism lags behind lipid metabolism | Under what conditions are ketone bodies produced? | 41 | |
| 4596447253 | Proline | Which of the standard 20 amino acids is technically not an amino acid? | 42 | |
| 4596447607 | Glycine | Which of the standard 20 amino acids contains no chiral carbon? | 43 | |
| 4596449762 | 4 | How many ATP-equivalents are required for one round of the urea cycle? | 44 | |
| 4596450615 | To reduce the concentration of urea in the urine | People on high protein diets are advised to drink lots of water. Why? | 45 | |
| 4596452384 | Mitochondria | The citric acid cycle takes place in the ...? | 46 | |
| 4596453010 | Cytosol | Glycolysis takes place in the ...? | 47 | |
| 4596458179 | All of them contain heme groups | What unusual property do cytochromes have in common with hemoglobin or myoglobin? | 48 | |
| 4596461890 | The hydrophobic interaction among the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipids. | What is the main energetic driving force for the formation of phospholipid bilayers? | 49 | |
| 4600322842 | Stage 1 | Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are broken down into their component building blocks. What stage of catabolism? | 50 | |
| 4600324306 | Stage 2 | The building blocks are degraded into the common product, the acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA. What stage of catabolism? | 51 | |
| 4600326872 | 3 | Catabolism converges to three principal end products: water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Stage? | 52 | |
| 4600351110 | Energy change when reaction proceeds from start to equilibrium | Gibbs Free Energy is? | 53 | |
| 4600358381 | Negative | Energy is Released , Reaction is Exergonic & will favour the formation of products when Gibbs free energy is? | 54 | |
| 4600363590 | Positive | Energy is Absorbed , Reaction is Endergonic & will favour the formation of reactants when gibbs free energy is? | 55 | |
| 4600390963 | electrons are transferred from a donor to an acceptor | Oxidation-Reduction reactions are those in which | 56 | |
| 4600396601 | Catabolism | the transfer of electrons to acceptor molecules of various sorts happens in? | 57 | |
| 4600403503 | Anabolism | Process involving the acceptance of electrons from a variety of donors is? | 58 | |
| 4600424044 | nicotinamide ring, adenine ring and 2 sugar phosphate groups | NAD+/NADH contains? | 59 | |
| 4600428046 | In the nicotinamide ring | Where does reduction/oxidation occur on NAD+? | 60 | |
| 4600432613 | NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH | Biological oxidising agents include? | 61 | |
| 4600437840 | require/release convenient amount of energy, depending on direction of reaction. | High energy bonds are bonds that? | 62 | |
| 4600446077 | Formation of a more reactive substance | What is activation in metabolism? | 63 | |
| 4600458255 | Provides an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy. | What does an enzyme do? | 64 | |
| 4600466896 | catalyse a redox reaction (#1) | oxidoreductases? | 65 | |
| 4600467671 | Transfer a functional group (#2) | Tranferases? | 66 | |
| 4600469165 | cause hydrolysis reaction(#3) | Hydrolases | 67 | |
| 4600471205 | break bonds (#4) | lyases | 68 | |
| 4600473115 | Rearrange functional groups (#5) | isomerases? | 69 | |
| 4600474150 | Join two molecules (#6) | Ligases? | 70 | |
| 4600486867 | 1. Enzyme binds substrate at the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex (ES) 2. Binding lowers activation energy 3. The ES complex goes through transition state ES* (Not quite substrate or product) 4. Specific R group plays a role in the catalysis 5. Enzyme undergoes conformational change 6. Complex of enzyme and product are produced (EP) 7. Enzyme and product separate 8. Enzyme recycles to original state | Steps in enzymatic reaction? | 71 | |
| 4600511740 | Difference in energies between initial state and final state | Change in free energy is |  | 72 |
| 4600515769 | change in free energy and equilibrium constant |  | 73 | |
| 4600524870 | The selective hydrolysis of peptide bonds where the carboxyl is contributed by Phe and Tyr and hydrolysis of ester bonds. | Chymotrypsin catalyses? | 74 | |
| 4600531664 | Rate depends on concentration of substrate | First order kinetics? | 75 | |
| 4600533167 | Rate does not depend on concentration of substrate | Zero-order kinetics? | 76 | |
| 4600561758 | Number of moles of substrate that react to form product per mole of enzyme per unit of time | Kcat is? | 77 | |
| 4600568553 | an inactive precursor into an active enzyme | phosphorylation of ATP can convert? | 78 | |
| 4600570968 | Inactive precursor of an enzyme where cleavage of one or more covalent bonds transform it into an active enzyme | Zymogen? | 79 | |
| 4600580849 | When the final product of a reaction blocks an early reaction and shuts down whole series. | What is feedback inhibition? | 80 | |
| 4600595413 | K System: Alters K0.5 V system: alters Vmax. | Two types of allosteric enzyme systems, what are they and what do they effect? | 81 | |
| 4600697062 | one that reducing an oxidising agent | Whats a reducing sugar? | 82 | |
| 4600701592 | an amino sugar | The replacement of a hydroxyl group on a carbohydrate results in | 83 | |
| 4600709094 | by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP | phosphoric esters are formed? | 84 | |
| 4600711768 | a carbohydrate in which the -OH of the anomeric carbon is replaced by -OR | Glycoside? | 85 | |
| 4600738816 | continuous, unbranched chains of up to 4000 a-D-glucose units joined by -1,4-glycosidic bonds | amylose | 86 | |
| 4600740390 | a highly branched polymer consisting of 24-30 units of D-glucose joined by -1,4-glycosidic bonds and branches created by -1,6-glycosidic bonds | amylopectin | 87 | |
| 4600745448 | polysaccharides based on a repeating disaccharide where one of the monomers is an amino sugar and the other has a negative charge due to a sulfate or carboxylate group | Glycosaminoglycans | 88 | |
| 4600747387 | natural anticoagulant | heparin | 89 | |
| 4600749961 | a component of the vitreous humor of the eye and the lubricating fluid of joints | Hyaluronic acid | 90 | |
| 4600757777 | energy-storage polymers or sugars | Starch and glycogen are | 91 | |
| 4600759074 | are structural polymers | Cellulose and chitin | 92 | |
| 4600761248 | contain carbohydrate units covalently bonded to a polypeptide chain | Glycoproteins | 93 | |
| 4600763001 | antibodies | An example of a glycoprotein? | 94 | |
| 4600767113 | dense carbohydrate layer around some cells. | Glycocalix | 95 | |
| 4600768563 | Are proteins that bind carbohydrates with high specificity and affinity. | Lectins? | 96 | |
| 4600774314 | Long filaments of derivatised glucose disaccharides, Major component of cartilage and connective tissues, including dental pulp | proteoglycans | 97 | |
| 4601341101 | hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. | the three enzyme that exhibit large decreases of free energy and are a site of allosteric control in glycolysis are? | 98 | |
| 4601349828 | Reduction of pyruvate to lactate | Under anaerobic conditions, the most important pathway for the regeneration of NAD+ is | 99 | |
| 4601372181 | Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate: produced in liver in response to insulin | is an important regulator of blood glucose | 100 | |
| 4601375225 | gluconeogenesis | low fructose-2,6-biphosphate stimulates | 101 | |
| 4601376709 | glycolysis. | high fructose-2,6-biphosphate stimulates | 102 | |
| 4601378747 | when different organisms share carbohydrate metabolism. Example: liver shares stress of vigorous exercise. Lactate from muscle is transported to the liver where it is reoxidized to pyruvate and converted to glucose | what is the cori cycle | 103 | |
| 4601383862 | Allosteric effects, genetic control, subtrate cycles and covalent modification | the four control mechanisms in carbohydrate metabolism are? | 104 | |
| 4601385861 | effectors of a pathway inhibit or activate an enzyme | Allosteric effects control is? | 105 | |
| 4601388193 | amount of enzymes present are increased by protein synthesis. | Genetic control? | 106 | |
| 4601389395 | Inhibition or activation of an enzyme is controlled by the breaking or joining of a bond by being phophorylated or dephosphorylated. | Covalent modification | 107 | |
| 4601391905 | two opposing reactions are catalysed by different enzymes seperately. | Substrate cycle? | 108 | |
| 4601401354 | Undergo hydrolytic cleavage into smaller compounds in the presence of acid, base or digestive enzymes, e.g. triacylglycerols, waxes, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids | Hydrolyzable lipids are? | 109 | |
| 4601402905 | do not undergo hydrolytic cleavage, e.g. steroids, eicosanoids and fat soluble vitamins | Non-hydrolyzable lipids: | 110 | |
| 4601404944 | an unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of 12 - 20 carbons, derived from hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or phosphodiacylglycerols of biological membranes | Fatty acid | 111 | |
| 4601409818 | Unsaturated | double bonds make fatty acids? | 112 | |
| 4601410840 | Lower the melting point | the greater the degree of unsaturation in FA the? | 113 | |
| 4601412808 | number of carbons increase and number of double bonds increase | Melting point of FA increases as? and decreases as? | 114 | |
| 4601419080 | a compound in which a carbohydrate is bound to an -OH of the lipid | Glycolipid | 115 | |
| 4601435166 | Phospholipids | lipid bilayers composed mainly of? | 116 | |
| 4601437155 | transport substances across membranes; act as receptor sites, and sites of enzyme catalysis | Function of membrane proteins? | 117 | |
| 4601439626 | Lysosomes are organelles surrounded by a single membrane and filled with enzymes, such as acid hydrolases, that degrade a variety of macromolecules. | Lysosomes | 118 | |
| 4601441202 | transport is linked to the hydrolysis of ATP or other high-energy molecules (Na/K ion pump) | Primary active transport | 119 | |
| 4601443112 | driven by H+ gradient | Secondary active transport | 120 | |
| 4601446482 | Hormone binding to its cell surface receptor transduces information via activated heterotrimeric G-protein and cAMP | Plasma membrane receptors | 121 | |
| 4601447386 | oxidation will yeild more energy and they can pack more tightly in stored tissues. | 2 major advantages for storing energy as fat? | 122 | |
| 4601458723 | Dietary triacylglycerols Triacylglycerols synthesized in the liver Triacylglycerols stored in fat cells. | 3 primary sources of fatty acids | 123 | |
| 4601496999 | liver, heart and skeletal muscles. | Where does beta oxidation occur? | 124 | |
| 4601505313 | Emulsification | what process breaks up lipid droplets? | 125 | |
| 4601511831 | micelles bump into the brush border and the monoglycerides and fatty acids are liberated and absorbed | what do miscelles (formed from bile salts) do? | 126 | |
| 4601518899 | Fat transport vehicles | lipoproteins are? | 127 | |
| 4601519678 | Chylomicrons - carry dietary fats to peripheral tissues VLDL - carry tg and other lipids made in liver to body LDL - principle form for cholesterol transport HDL - scavenges excess cholesterol from tissues and returns to liver for metabolism and excretion | 4 main types of lipoproteins? | 128 | |
| 4601525106 | adipocytes, myocytes and liver cells | lipids are absorbed into? | 129 | |
| 4601526223 | It is linked to the endothelial cell surface by a polysaccharide chain and anchors the chylomicron to the capillary surface. | Lipoprotein lipase? | 130 | |
| 4601529333 | Apoprotein C-11 | What activates lipoprotein lipase? | 131 | |
| 4601530140 | Hydrolysed to glycerol and fats | The triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDL are | 132 | |
| 4601553659 | Presence of cholesterol in cel | What regulates LDL? | 133 | |
| 4601561475 | Oxidation of FA in tiacylglycerols. | What is the principal storage form of energy for most organisms? | 134 | |
| 4601562799 | hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acids and the rest of triacylglycerols. | Lipases catalyse? | 135 | |
| 4601564347 | hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acids and the rest of the phophoglycerol | Phopholipases catalyse? | 136 | |
| 4601608508 | Glycerol-3-phophate, dihydroxyacetone phophate and diacylglycerol | What are the three pathways phophatidic acid is produced in? | 137 | |
| 4601610600 | isoprene | What is the key to the biosynthesis of steroids? | 138 | |
| 4601629235 | when the amount of acetyl-CoA produced is excessive compared to the amount of oxaloacetate available to react with it | When does formation of ketone bodies occur? | 139 | |
| 4601629538 | acetone, -hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate | Ketone bodies consist of? | 140 | |
| 4605126312 | Small intracellular organelles that absorb and degrade damaged proteins. | Lysosomes are? | 141 | |
| 4605132951 | Large MW complex which breaks down proteins, binds to uniquinated proteins | Proteosomes? | 142 | |
| 4605137458 | Ubiquitin targets intracellular proteins for degradation by covalently binding to the ε-amino group of lysine residues. Releases short peptides into cytoplasm | What are ubiquinated proteins? | 143 | |
| 4605164242 | Too much protein is ingested Starvation Diabetes | Amino acids are used as fuel when? | 144 | |
| 4605166111 | Via the citric acid cycle | How are amino acids oxidised? | 145 | |
| 4605172530 | True | the fate of the carbons of the amino acids parallels that of glucose and fatty acids. True or false | 146 | |
| 4605176751 | transamination | What is the major process for removing nitrogen from amino acids? | 147 | |
| 4605180317 | lysine and threonine | What amino acids dont undergo transamination reaction? | 148 | |
| 4605185415 | amino transferase moves the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate producing glutarate or to oxaloacetate producing aspartate | Transamination reaction? | 149 | |
| 4605191664 | Removal of amino group from glutamate producing an ammonium ion. | Oxidative deamination? | 150 | |
| 4605206968 | active form of B6 and participates in the catalysis of transaminations and decarboxylations | What does pyridoxal phosphate do? | 151 | |
| 4605233653 | hydrolysed to amino acids in gut by intestinal proteases | proteins ingested in diet are? | 152 | |
| 4605262792 | reduction of N2 to NH3 | What is nitrogen fixation? | 153 | |
| 4605265269 | The nitrogenase enzyme found in root nodules of leguminous plants | What catalyzes crucial reactions in nitrogen fixation. | 154 | |
| 4605268079 | Histidine, triptophan, AMP and CTP | Glutamine synthetase is feedback inhibited by several end products, what are they? | 155 | |
| 4605275511 | produced by plants and bacteria | What is an essential amino acid? | 156 | |
| 4605276664 | those that can be produced by animals | What is a non-essential amino acid? | 157 | |
| 4605283285 | biotin, SAM, and derivatives of folic acid | What are the carriers of one carbond groups? | 158 | |
| 4605290673 | What is phagocytosis and autophagy |  | 159 | |
| 4605299159 | folate (Vitamin B9) | tetrahydrofolate is derived from | 160 | |
| 4605300422 | Methionine | S-adenosylmethionine is derived from | 161 |
