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| 7787330446 | U= q-w | q= heat absorbed by the surroundings w= work done by the system on the surroundings | 0 | |
| 7787357177 | Enthalpy (E) | ΔH= q | 1 | |
| 7787399222 | Entropy (S) (JK^-1) | S = kB lnW W = the number of energetically equivalent ways of arranging components in a system kB = Boltzmann constant | 2 | |
| 7787423104 | Free Energy (G) | If ΔG of a process is negative, the process is called "exergonic"; If ΔG of a process is positive, the process is called "endergonic" | 3 | |
| 7787424681 | ΔG = ΔH −TΔS | At constant P and T, ΔG will be negative for a spontaneous process. | 4 | |
| 7787441226 | ΔG0 in equilibrium | ΔG0= −RTlnKeq | 5 | |
| 7787792641 | ΔG and the rate of a process | going from the state with higher G to the state with lower G, but does not ensure that this process will proceed at a fast rate. | 6 | |
| 7787797571 | Eukaryotic plant cell | Mitochondrion power house of the cell , Chloroplast photosynthesis, energy converter, Nucleus contains chromosomal DNA | 7 | |
| 7787803653 | Eukaryotic animal cell | mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell, lysosome (protein degradation), Organelles differ in major ways from the cytoplasm, e.g. in: 1. Protein content 2. DNA & RNA content 3. Cofactors 4. pH | 8 | |
| 7787810015 | Malaria parasite | Microneme and rhoptry provide protein for red blood cell entry for invasion of host cell | 9 | |
| 7787818220 | lipids | glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids (C 1&2), and a phosphatidylcholine | 10 | |
| 7787827808 | prokaryotes | not as compartmentalized, lack protection from harmful events inside an organelle and specialized membrane bound machineries | 11 | |
| 7787832273 | Escherichia coli cell (rapidly dividing) | Number of all proteins inside cell ~ 2,600,000 Number of external proteins (flagella & pili) ~ 1,000,000 Number of all proteins of an E. coli cell ~ 3,600,000 | 12 | |
| 7787834802 | proteins | composed of amino acids | 13 | |
| 7787835212 | nucleic acids | composed of nucleotides | 14 | |
| 7787836130 | polysaccharides | sugars | 15 | |
| 7787838250 | tRNA | 3 prime terminus that accepts amino acid, and three nucleotide anti codon, and has a phospho-ribose backbone. | 16 | |
| 7787856452 | glucose | cellulose and glycogen OH down alpha, and beta is down |  | 17 |
| 7787860778 | alpha-amylose | 1-4 linkage (glycogen by adding branches every 8 to 14 glucose units) | 18 | |
| 7787864206 | ATP |  | 19 | |
| 7787868930 | non-covalent interactions (van der waals interactions) | dipole-dipole > dipole induced dipole > London dispersion forces | 20 | |
| 7787888279 | H2O | bent 104 degrees, H bonding, O-O distance 2.74 angstroms, (i) the O-H covalent bond distance of ~0.97 Å + (ii) the H vdW-radius of ~1.2 Å + (iii) the O vdW-radius of ~1.4 Å, | 21 | |
| 7787912646 | water as ice | four interactions, | 22 | |
| 7790986133 | Hydrocarbons and water | The entropy S is smaller (thus, less favorable) for a hydrocarbon in water than when surrounded by hydrocarbons.... NOTICE THAT ΔH IS ZERO water molecules around hydrocarbon are restricted in rotational freedom | 23 | |
| 7791193917 | "amphiphilic" or amphipathic | molecules with both polar and nonpolar segments | 24 | |
| 7791220437 | clustering of amohiohilic molecules | fewer water molecules are restricted in rotational freedom. Therefore, the entropy of the system is increased by clustering lipids | 25 |
