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| 8691656053 | Ionic Bonding | The bonding formed by attraction of oppositely charged atoms after gain or loss of electrons. | 0 | |
| 8691661573 | Covalent Bond | When two atoms share electrons to make it so that each atom has a filled outer orbital. | 1 | |
| 8691678253 | Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons equally. | 2 | |
| 8691688054 | Polar Covalent Bond | Bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons unequally. | 3 | |
| 8691693630 | Electronegativity | The attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond. | 4 | |
| 8691695600 | Hydrogen Bonding | Weak attractions between hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one atom and attracted to another atom. | 5 | |
| 8691714084 | High heat capacity, is a solvent, molecules are cohesive and adhesive, high surface tension, frozen water is less dense than liquid water, and has a high heat of vaporization. | What are the properties of the water molecule that are significant to life? | 6 | |
| 8691729952 | Hydrogen bonds, because polarity within a water molecule causes the hydrogen atoms in one molecule to be attracted to the oxygen atoms in other water molecules. | What type of bond holds together a single water molecule? | 7 | |
| 8691736950 | Hydrogen Bonds | What type of bonding can water molecules form with one another? | 8 | |
| 8691741132 | Water molecules bonding via hydrogen bonds. | What type of molecule is bonding? What type of bonding is this? |  | 9 |
| 8691750815 | Solute | The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. | 10 | |
| 8691754693 | Solvent | Able to dissolve other substances. | 11 | |
| 8691759136 | A solution | What do a solute and a solvent make? | 12 | |
| 8691763038 | Hydrophobic Substance | Non-ionized and non-polar molecules (ex. oil) that cannot attract water. | 13 | |
| 8691771578 | Hydrophilic Substance | Molecules that can attract water. | 14 | |
| 8691774114 | Acids | Substances that release hydrogen ions when the dissociate in water. Have a high H+ concentration and low OH- concentration. Values are below 7. | 15 | |
| 8691782227 | Bases | Substances that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions. Have a low H+ concentration and high OH- concentration. Values are above 7. | 16 | |
| 8695865578 | pH | A scale used to gauge the acidity and alkalinity of solutions. Based on the dissociation (coming apart) of water molecules. Used to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. Ranges is from 0-14. | 17 | |
| 8691791839 | Neutral Substance | When the hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations are equal. What type of substance is this? | 18 | |
| 8691798565 | Buffer | Substance that keeps pH within normal limits. This helps animals keep their pH at 7.4, maintain an almost constant blood pH. | 19 | |
| 8691817851 | Buffer Systems | Pairs of weak acids and weak bases that work together to maintain the pH in organisms' bodies. Act like chemical sponges. | 20 | |
| 8691828145 | Release a weak base to absorb the H+. | What happens when there is too much acidity? | 21 | |
| 8691836075 | Release a weak acid to absorb the OH-. | What happens when it is too basic? | 22 | |
| 8691880779 | The elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), and make up the cells of living things. | What do organic compounds contain? | 23 | |
| 8691896295 | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. | What are the four important "Life Molecules"? | 24 | |
| 8691905180 | Inorganic Compounds | Do not contain carbon and hydrogen together. Examples, NaCI, H2O, CO2. | 25 | |
| 8691913802 | Carbon | An element that has a valence of 4 electrons, which makes it capable of entering into 4 covalent bonds. Most versatile combining properties of any type of atom. Forms very strong COVALENT BONDS. | 26 | |
| 8691927417 | Molecular Formula | Refers to the actual number of atoms each element that make up a molecule. Examples, C6H12O6 (Always alphabetical order) | 27 | |
| 8691941078 | Structural Formula | Refers to a draw out molecular formula. | 28 | |
| 8691943426 | Isomers | Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have different structural formulas. | 29 | |
| 8691958465 | Glucose Isomers Molecular Formula | C6H12O6 | 30 | |
| 8691961564 | Functional Groups | These are certain groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton (usually replace an H). This area is usually located on the end of the molecule. | 31 | |
| 8691979217 | Ionic and hydrogen bonds. | What type of bonds do functional groups readily form association with other molecules? | 32 | |
| 8691987137 | Functional groups define the chemical properties of organic compounds because they react in predictable ways. | What do functional groups define? | 33 | |
| 8691995650 | Remainder, rest of the molecule. It varies. Side chain. The R is how amino acids vary. | What does "R" mean? | 34 | |
| 8692007384 | Examples of Polymers | Disaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. | 35 | |
| 8692024462 | Examples of Monomers | Monosaccharides, glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides. | 36 | |
| 8692033941 | Macromolecules | Large molecules, kind of polymer. | 37 | |
| 8692040807 | Smaller units called monomers, small single unit molecules. | What are polymers made of? | 38 | |
| 8692048857 | In the bodies of organisms. | Where is the "making and breaking" of polymers? | 39 | |
| 8692057319 | Hydroxyl | OH |  | 40 |
| 8692073072 | Carbonyl | CHO, or CO |  | 41 |
| 8692110696 | Carboxyl | COOH |  | 42 |
| 8692110697 | Amino | NH2 |  | 43 |
| 8692121723 | Phosphate | OPO3 2- |  | 44 |
| 8692126439 | Sulfhydryl | SH |  | 45 |
| 8692134607 | Dehydration synthesis (Condensation reaction) | The building process by which two monomers are chemically bonded together and a loss of water takes place. Water must be lost because each monomer must make room for a new bond to form. Example of anabolism | 46 | |
| 8692149448 | Hydrolysis | The breaking down (degradation) process by which the bond between monomers is broken. This reaction requires the addition of water. This occurs when a polymer is broken down (such as when we eat food). Example of catabolism. | 47 | |
| 8692169309 | C,H,O | What do carbohydrates contain? | 48 | |
| 8692171997 | To provide and store energy and provide support (polysaccharides). Building blocks (monomers) are monosaccharides. | What is the function of carbohydrates? | 49 | |
| 8692185324 | Monosaccharides | Simple sugars containing 3-7 carbons. C,H,O ration is 1:2:1. | 50 | |
| 8692204005 | Glucose | Main fuel for bodies. First energy choice, provides short term energy. Reactant in cell respiration. | 51 | |
| 8692212008 | Fructose | Fruit sugar. Plants produce to make fruits tasty for seed dispersal. | 52 | |
| 8692218960 | Disaccharides | Simple sugars composed of 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. Formula = C12H22O11. Examples include maltose, lactose, and sucrose. | 53 | |
| 8692235524 | Polysaccharides | Complex carbohydrates made up of hundreds of monomers linked by dehydration synthesis. Example, cellulose. | 54 | |
| 8692245707 | Cellulose | Found in plant cell walls, wood, repeating units of glucose. The most plentiful organic compound on Earth. Starch-energy storage molecule in plants. | 55 | |
| 8692288168 | Glycogen | Animal starch. Stores in liver and muscles of vertebrates. Short term energy storage in animals. Turns into fat if not used. | 56 | |
| 8692296965 | C,H,O (generally, sometimes with an exception.) | What elements do lipids contain? | 57 | |
| 8692309947 | Types of lipids | Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes. | 58 | |
| 8692322403 | Non-polar, do not dissolve in water. Hydrophobic. | Are lipids polar or non-polar, and can they be dissolved in water? | 59 | |
| 8692328246 | Triglycerides | Composed of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acid chains by dehydration synthesis. | 60 | |
| 8692337791 | To cushion organs, as insulation and in long-term energy storage (adipose tissue). Buoyancy - lipids are less dense than water so they help animals float. Fats have 2x more energy than proteins and carbohydrates-provide longer term energy. | What is the function of triglycerides? | 61 | |
| 8692356171 | Saturated Fatty Acids | Do not contain any double bonds between the carbons. Contain maximum # of H atoms chemically possible. Found in animals, contribute to coronary heart disease, and solids at room temperature. | 62 | |
| 8695739348 | Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Contain one or more double bonds between the carbons. These double bonds cut down on the number of hydrogen atoms that can be attached to the carbon in the molecule. Liquids at room temperatures. Found mostly in plant and fish (oils). | 63 | |
| 8695743603 | Phospholipids | Lipid bonded to a phosphate group with one less fatty acid (so 2 instead of 3 fatty acid tails.) Major component of cell membranes. | 64 | |
| 8695745924 | Steroids/Sterols | Lipids that have 4 interconnected carbon rings. Side chains of C atoms distinguish one type of ______ from another. Examples include Vitamin D, cortisone, estrogen, and cholesterol. Testosterone, cortisone, etc. | 65 | |
| 8695751077 | Cholesterol | An important steroid found in all animal tissue. Plants do not contain this. This steroid is a precursor from which many of the bodies steroids are constructed from. It also adds strength to the cell membrane in animal cells. | 66 | |
| 8695756880 | Testosterone and Estrogen | Sex hormones. | 67 | |
| 8695757335 | Progesterone | Produced by the ovaries and prepares the body for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy. | 68 | |
| 8695758225 | Cortisol | Secreted by adrenal cortex. Important in helping the body cope with stress. | 69 | |
| 8695759398 | Waxes | Fatty acids combined with hydrocarbons or alcohols. Can form hard, water-repellent covering, and it helps to waterproof fur, feathers, leaves and fruit. | 70 | |
| 8695763319 | Proteins | Contains C,H,O,N,S. Monomers are amino acids. | 71 | |
| 8695768157 | Primary Structure (1º) | Type of protein structure: Amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain. | 72 | |
| 8695769228 | Secondary Structure (2º) | Type of protein structure: Coiling and folding produced by hydrogen bonds between non-adjacent functional groups. | 73 | |
| 8695772632 | Tertiary (3º) Structure | Type of protein structure: Shape created by interactions between R groups and water. R groups can be polar or non-polar. | 74 | |
| 8695778232 | Quaternary (4º) Structure | Type of protein structure: Shape created by interactions between two or more polypeptides. Not all proteins reach this step. | 75 | |
| 8695791076 | # of amino acids in the chain (length), the sequence of amino acids and which ones are in the chain, and how they are folded (3D confirmation). | How do proteins vary in structure? | 76 | |
| 8695793108 | Polypeptide | Many peptide bonds. Chain of amino acids. | 77 | |
| 8695797849 | Types of bonds present between proteins. | Peptide, H-bonds, van der waals attractions, disulfide bridge, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions. | 78 | |
| 8695803465 | A mutation of DNA | What affects the primary protein structure in regards to DNA? | 79 | |
| 8695808150 | Fibrous Proteins | Type of Protein: Long, narrow in shape, insoluble, regular repeating pattern of amino acids, structural jobs. | 80 | |
| 8695809368 | Globular Proteins | Type of protein: Spherical, soluble, irregular sequence of amino acids, all other roles. | 81 | |
| 8695811465 | Functions of proteins | Major structural component of cells (elastin, collagen, keratin). Energy source (ovalbumin and casein). Transporting substances (hemoglobin and cell membrane _____). Coordinating body hormonal activities (insulin and glucagon). Contractive movement. Immune system responses, blood clotting, transmitting signals between cells, cell division, ENZYMES. | 82 | |
| 8695820780 | Nucleic Acids | Contain C, H, O, N, P. Monomers are nucleotides - 3 piece unit. Contain pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. | 83 | |
| 8695827476 | Purines | Nitrogenous base. 2 fused rings of adenine and guanine. | 84 | |
| 8695831609 | Pyrimadines | Nitrogenous base. 1 fused ring of cytosine, thymine, and uracil. | 85 | |
| 8695836001 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) | 5 carbon sugar is deoxyribose. Nitrogenous bases are the rungs of the ladder. Double stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds. Is the genetic material - codes for proteins. Sides of latter are alternating deoxyribose and phosphates. | 86 | |
| 8695845103 | Watson and Crick | Who discovered DNA based off of Rosalind Franklin's pictures? | 87 | |
| 8695849625 | RNA (ribonucleic acid) | 5 carbon sugar is ribose. Nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Single stranded. Enables information in DNA to be expressed. Aids in protein synthesis. | 88 | |
| 8695854378 | ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | Energy carrier. | 89 |
