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| 8603529513 | DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates | 4 main components of the cell | 0 | |
| 8603536559 | human body | the _____________ is mostly made up of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen | 1 | |
| 8603538273 | energetically stable | Valence electrons bond with other valence electrons to become ________ | 2 | |
| 8603544536 | covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule -very strong -forms from nonmetals and some metalloids |  | 3 |
| 8603549487 | organic molecules | carbon based molecules | 4 | |
| 8603552223 | double bond | A covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms -much stronger than a single bond |  | 5 |
| 8603613944 | electrostatic interactions | an attraction or repulsion that occurs between charged particles -distant dependent |  | 6 |
| 8603639357 | non covalent bonds | ionic/Hydrogen/Van Der Waals/Hydrophobic interactions/electrostatic attractions -weak bonds; molecules organized into three-dimensional structures | 7 | |
| 8603641396 | hydrogen bonds | weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom -40x weaker than covalent -gives water its fluid nature the strongest type of vanderwaal foce |  | 8 |
| 8603652495 | van der Waal bond | -80x weaker than covalent bond -3 kinds: london dispersal, dipole/polar, and hydrogen | 9 | |
| 8633597469 | London dispersion foce | weakest van der waal force, has lowest boiling temp -electrons are constantly moving around atom so it creates a momentary very slight charge on one side of the atom | 10 | |
| 8633604388 | polar bond (dipole bond) | van der waals forces, stronger than london, weaker than hydrogen. When one atom is more electronegative than another it hogs the electrons and has a slight negative charge |  | 11 |
| 8633704210 | electric dipole | a separation of equal and opposite charge by a small distance; can be seen in polar molecules. | 12 | |
| 8633715571 | electrostatic force | the attraction between two molecules' protons and electrons, molecules come close enough together that the attraction and repulsion forces cancel each other out |  | 13 |
| 8633727076 | bond length | distance between two nuclei at the point of minimum energy wherer the attracting and repulsing forces cancel each other out |  | 14 |
| 8633734507 | electronegativity | ability of an atom to attract/hog its shared electrons, this causes polarity -if one atom is more electronegative than another it causes "unfair" sharing | 15 | |
| 8633766597 | polar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which the 2 atoms have different electronegativities, causing a seperation of charges ex: water |  | 16 |
| 8633814329 | non polar covalent bond | covalent bond in which the 2 atoms have identical or very similar electronegativities, so electrons are distributed/shared evenly |  | 17 |
| 8633828164 | ionic bonds | formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another -form from metals -tend to form crystal structures and are soluble in water | 18 | |
| 8633848171 | water | one molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds, giving its fluid like nature -makes up 40% of our mass -polar -other polar molecules can dissociate in it | 19 | |
| 8633860153 | solubilization | polar molecules can dissacociate in water | 20 | |
| 8633864677 | polar | Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water. -hydrophilic -stable in water |  | 21 |
| 8633880642 | non polar | ________ molecules do not disacossiate in water, they are energetically unstable in water, try to combat this by coming together when in water -uncharged -hydrophobic | 22 | |
| 8633908597 | amphiatic | both polar and nonpolar. Stable in polar and non polar environments -ex: proteins (outside is hydrophillic, inside is hydrophobic | 23 | |
| 8633914757 | macromolecules | A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules 4 main ones: nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), proteins (amino acids), carbohydrates (sugars), lipids -they store, carry information, and bring structural integrity to the cell | 24 | |
| 8633928278 | Gregor Mendel | -established genetics in 1866 -a monk -looked at inheritence in pea plants -noticed a pattern of inheritance | 25 | |
| 8633933778 | Friedrich Miescher | -Swiss biochemist -1869 -isolated DNA from pus from used bandagges -found that DNA had lots of nitrogen and phosphorus -believed DNA was used for storage | 26 | |
| 8633947657 | chromosomes | Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton in the 1890s and 1902 identified that _______________ were responsible for traits being passed down through generations | 27 | |
| 8633950571 | DNA | ________ was determined to be a component of chromosome in 1914 by Robert Feulgen, but it was deemed to be too simple to be genetic material | 28 | |
| 8633957244 | Phoebus Levene | found that DNA consists of nitrogenous bases which are covalently linked to a deoxyribose sugar molecule and phosphate between 1909-1919 | 29 | |
| 8633970462 | Fred Griffith | Found that something in the cell passes on genetic traits in 1928 -transforming principle |  | 30 |
| 8633975623 | transforming principle | mystery material that caused mice to die when they were injected with heat-killed S and R bacteria -later found to be DNA | 31 | |
| 8633982046 | DNA | Avery, Macleod and McCarty repeated Griffiths experiments and found that ___________ caused the transformation. The identified the function of _________ to be heredity material |  | 32 |
| 8633997725 | Photo 51 | photo taken of the top of DNA by Rosalind Franklin that led to Watson and Crick's discovery of the shape |  | 33 |
| 8634000457 | double helix | In the mid 1900's Crick, Watson and Wilkins found DNA's ____________ shape -awarded nobel prize in 1962 | 34 | |
| 8634006650 | Chargaff | ____________'s rules stated that adenosine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine must be paired together. -The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA. -calculated that the amount of C was equal to the amount of G and that the amount of A was equal to T | 35 | |
| 8634017301 | Pyrimidine bases | Cytosine, thymine, and uracil |  | 36 |
| 8634019600 | Purine bases | adenine and guanine |  | 37 |
| 8634031712 | hydrophillic | the phosphates (yellow circles) in DNA are located at the surface exterior because they are _________ so it is energenically favourable for them to be exposed to the polar environment of the cell |  | 38 |
| 8634048514 | chromosomes | every human cell has 22 _________ and 2 copies (diploid), other than the x and y chromosomes which have one copy | 39 | |
| 8634125532 | helicase | an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA base pairs to seperate DNA into two strands, each strand is then used as a template for replication, resulting in two double helixes |  | 40 |
| 8634146992 | topoisomerase | "quality control" controls unwinding and winding of DNA, regulates the tork applied -an enzyme -corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands |  | 41 |
| 8634151615 | ciprofloxacin | -antibody for respiratory infection | 42 | |
| 8634163358 | dNTP (Deoxynucleotide Triphosphate. ) | These are the four nucleotides that make up DNA. -organized as a double helix of two antiparrallel complementary strands | 43 | |
| 8634168268 | central dogma | theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins -describes the flow of genetic information | 44 | |
| 8634169733 | Rna | A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages | 45 | |
| 8769570010 | RNA transcription | DNA is unwound, RNA polymerase creates messenger RNA (Uracil not thymine). mRNA is single stranded and way less stable and has a shorter half life. -the copying of DNA into RNA | 46 | |
| 8769581958 | ribose | Sugar in RNA | 47 | |
| 8769588574 | thymine | Uracil in RNA replaces _______ in DNA | 48 | |
| 8769597671 | tRNA | type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis |  | 49 |
| 8769605393 | reading frame | the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons -if incorrect, leads to mutations | 50 | |
| 8769615441 | mRNA | the template for protein synthesis, tRNA reads this sequence | 51 | |
| 8769619562 | codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | 52 | |
| 8769623491 | ribosome | during translation, the _________ brings mRNA and tRNA together. Attaches amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain -allows the protein to be built in the correct order |  | 53 |
| 8769632214 | carbohydrates | humans can't make many ___________, so they rely on phototrophs and autotrophs -___________ are made during photosynthesis | 54 | |
| 8769662676 | chitin | an example of how carbohydrates provide structure. Makes up the exoskeleton of crabs | 55 | |
| 8769669483 | monosaccharides | building blocks of carbohydrates -glucose, fructose, galactose -always have a keytone or aldehide, and has to have two or more hydroxyl groups | 56 | |
| 8769681425 | ribose | an example of a monosaccharide -OH on carbon 2 |  | 57 |
| 8769692232 | deoxyribose | example of a monosaccharide -H on carbon 2 |  | 58 |
| 8769720308 | ketone |  | 59 | |
| 8769724977 | aldehyde |  | 60 | |
| 8769729223 | cyclic | the ________ form of carbohydrates with more than three carbons is the most common | 61 | |
| 8769735443 | alpha linkage |  | 62 | |
| 8769737527 | beta linkage |  | 63 | |
| 8769756086 | monosaccharide | (C-H2O)n | 64 | |
| 8769763313 | glycosidic bond | bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides -bonds of dissaccharides | 65 | |
| 8769775754 | carbons | dissaccharide linkages can occur between any two _________, so lots of diversity -many linkage possibilities | 66 | |
| 8769784236 | lactose |  | 67 | |
| 8769787674 | maltose | glucose + glucose |  | 68 |
| 8770186028 | lactose | makes up to 8% of mammalian milk -a carbohydrate (sugar) | 69 | |
| 8770203357 | whey | watery part of milk -contains lactose -a byproduct of cheese -a protein -used as a stabilizer in pharmacuticals -in lots of things, makes it hard for people to remove lactose from their diet | 70 | |
| 8770231319 | lactase (beta galactosidase) | Enzyme that is required to catabolize lactose -people who are lactose intolerant lack this enzyme, so they cannot break the linkage between galactose and glucose -produced in small intestine (microvilli) -once babies are able to eat solids, production reduces greatly | 71 | |
| 8770265540 | lactose intolerance | the inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose -people who have this do not produce lactase, and their immune system may treat lactose as an invading body, or bacteria may eat the lactose and produce methane and hydrogen gas | 72 | |
| 8770287168 | starch | polysaccharide with some branching | 73 | |
| 8770303517 | glycogen | polysaccharide with lots of branching | 74 | |
| 8770306270 | cellulose | polysaccharide with no branching (crystallized) | 75 | |
| 8770310019 | branching | additional linkages in polysaccharides, leads to 3D structures | 76 | |
| 8770314025 | polysaccharides | large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides -glycogen, starch, cellulose -all three are made from just glucose, but are different due to their linkages | 77 | |
| 8770322877 | cellulose | polysaccharide with a high tensile strength (due to beta linkages), important as they make up plant cell walls -its crystal structure makes it hard to break down with cellular machinery | 78 | |
| 8770344475 | starch (and glycogen) | polysaccharide which forms a hollow helix for accessibilty (due to alpha linkages), glucose is exposed and easy to break down | 79 | |
| 8770369354 | alpha 1-4 | linkage of starch and glycogen polysaccharides | 80 | |
| 8770370951 | beta 1-4 | linkage of cellulose polysaccharide | 81 | |
| 8770376066 | glycoprotein | A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it. -are the antigens in blood groups |  | 82 |
| 8770385601 | blood type | dependent on the sugars (glycoproteins/antigens) attached to red blood cells | 83 | |
| 8770398626 | A | blood type ___ has A antigens and B antibodies |  | 84 |
| 8770429081 | O | blood type ___ has no antigens but has antibodies from A and B -universal donor | 85 | |
| 8770432751 | AB | blood type ____ has no antibodies and AB antigens -universal recipient | 86 | |
| 8770464863 | antigens | in blood groups, ______ do not recognize "self" molecules, will bind to "non-self" molecules and induce immune response -are glycoproteins -are two kinds: A and B. Can either have one or the other, both (AB) or none (O) |  | 87 |
| 8770525499 | universal recipient | Blood group AB are known as __________ because they have both A and B antigens and therefore no antibodies | 88 | |
| 8770537988 | universal donor | Blood group O is known as the _______ because they have no antigens, so they have both A and B antibodies, meaning they can only accept other O blood, but will not be detected as foreign in any other blood type | 89 | |
| 8770559190 | storage | starch and glycogen are known as ________ moleucles | 90 | |
| 8770561283 | structural | cellulose is known as a _________ molecule | 91 | |
| 8770577052 | lipid | -diverse macromolecule -generally hydrophobic, water-insoluble, organic -more soluble in nonpolar solvents than in polar solvents such as water -examples: fatty acides, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids | 92 | |
| 8770600935 | glycobiology | study of the synthesis and structure of carbohydrates and how they are attached to proteins -explore the biological roles of carbohydrates/ glycans on cell surfaces | 93 | |
| 8770609010 | sweet wine | glucose is greek for.... | 94 | |
| 8770615586 | chloroplasts | after produced in photosynthesis, glucose is stored in plant _________ as transient (short time) starch | 95 | |
| 8770640686 | glucose |  | 96 | |
| 8770655617 | sucrose | table sugar, disaccharide -derived from sugar cane, beets -Mexican coca-cola uses this, Canadian coca-cola uses high fructose corn syrup | 97 | |
| 8770664311 | sucrase | enzyme that breaks down sucrose | 98 | |
| 8770712374 | high fructose corn syrup | Cheaper than sucrose -a sweetener made from corn starch that has been processed by glucose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose. - a mixture of glucose/fructose -42= 42% fructose -55= 55% fructose | 99 | |
| 8770752076 | sucrose | glucose + fructose |  | 100 |
| 8770768765 | cellulose, chitin, amylose | three most abundant natural homopolymers | 101 | |
| 8770771208 | homopolymer | A polymer having a chain structure in which all repeat units are of the same type. | 102 | |
| 8770779733 | cellulose | Since it is made by all plants, it is probably the most abundant organic compound on Earth. -2000 times the weight of all humans | 103 | |
| 8770812547 | Chitin | mainly in marine environment -Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods. -dietary supplement for sore joints (when broken down into monosaccharides) -used to heal wounds (when left in a polymer) | 104 | |
| 8770973808 | lipids | very compactful fuel reserve, have twice amount of energy compared to carbohydrates per gram | 105 | |
| 8771004120 | fatty acids | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms -breaks down to release energy -lipids -released from fats -no charge, non polar -unsaturated=double bonds, less hydrogens, liquid at room temp |  | 106 |
| 8771019915 | glycolipids | Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids. -spontaneously self-seal into bilayers in aqueous solutions |  | 107 |
| 8771029692 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings -cell signaling | 108 | |
| 8771035986 | cell signaling | The process of cell-to-cell communication mediated by signaling molecules and membrane receptors -steroid horomones do this | 109 | |
| 8771038721 | adipose tissues | Technical term for fat; gives smoothness and contour to the body. -lipid -cushions organs -thermal insulation: decreases thermal conductivity of body coverings | 110 | |
| 8771064881 | chitosan | polysaccharide derived from chitin -an edible film that can reduce fat and serve as a joint supplement and prevent microbial growth -heals wounds | 111 | |
| 8771070662 | amylose | unbranched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-4 linkages -starch provides 50-70% of dietary calories (directly or indirectly) -embedded into emylopectin and packed into granules, we do not know how biosynthesis begins | 112 | |
| 8771086164 | amylopectin | branched form of starch, connected by alpha 1-6 linkages -branches every approx.24-30 residues, glycogen branches every 10 residues | 113 | |
| 8771121671 | 2050 | By _______ we will not have enough food to feed the planet due to the increased need fir cereal and meat | 114 | |
| 8771177334 | delphinidin | is an anthocyanidin, a primary plant pigment, and also an antioxidant. _________ gives blue hues to flowers in the genera Viola and Delphinium. -a carbohydrate | 115 | |
| 8771185030 | hoodia | -diet pill, apetite suppresent -carbohydrate | 116 | |
| 8771196527 | genomics | study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions -about DNA and RNA | 117 | |
| 8771198820 | proteonomics | study of proteins -about proteins produced by DNA and RNA and their amino acids | 118 | |
| 8771202588 | glycomics | the analysis of the carbohydrates of a cell or tissue -about 9 monosaccharides -not very popular, does not get funded much money | 119 | |
| 8771219860 | 6144 | a trisaccharide has _________ possible combinations of linkages | 120 | |
| 8771243496 | laine | chemist who created a formula to estimate the number of monosaccharides in a linear pentasaccharide | 121 | |
| 8771263072 | glycosyltransferases | Enzymes that add sugars are specific for the type of monosaccharide, the position to which the monosaccharide is transferred and the linkage that is formed Glycome size is determined by ___________ (Humans have 250 enzymes ) -enzyme that adds specific monosaccharides to the growing end of an oligosaccharide | 122 | |
| 8771268648 | glycome | total set of sugars and glycans in a cell or organism | 123 | |
| 8771280243 | pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs -vaccines are based on polysaccharides on outside of cell | 124 | |
| 8771288095 | prevnar 13 | vaccine against 13 most common pneumococcal bacteria | 125 | |
| 8771291758 | Pneumovax 23 | vaccine against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria | 126 | |
| 8771292995 | glycocalyces | gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell -pneumonia has this |  | 127 |
| 8771561916 | gastritis (helicobacter pylori) | inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. -stomach ulcers -Molecular mimicry of human blood groups on its glycocalyx Evades host immune system | 128 | |
| 8771578086 | tuberculosis (mycobacteria tuberculosis) | obligate pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. -glycocalyx Impermeable to drugs | 129 | |
| 8771592970 | glycan | repeating chains of sugar that make up peptidogylcan -10 sugar monomers make up these chains | 130 | |
| 8771596328 | peptidoglycan | A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid, made up of glycans |  | 131 |
| 8771609378 | norovirus | a contagious gastrointestinal illness -fecal-oral route. contaminated water and swimming pools -700 passengers ill on carnival liberty -carbohydrate -binds to ABO (all) blood groups, so very infectous | 132 | |
| 8771617811 | cholera toxin | an enterotoxin that triggers an unrelenting loss of fluid -binds to cell surface glycolipid -200,000-500,000 cases/year, 20-50% mortality | 133 | |
| 8771622619 | Erythropoietin | A hormonal substance that is formed especially in the kidney and stimulates red blood cell formation -40% carbohydrate, rest is protein -given to chemo patients, as they are often anemic |  | 134 |
| 8771633417 | lectins | plasma proteins that bind to carbohydrates -found in inflammation -plants have these -facilitate cell to cell interactions and binding | 135 | |
| 8771640818 | L selectin | A molecule on lymphocytes - induces rolling of lymphocytes -lectin -binds to endothelial cells of lymph node at sites of injury, inhibition of binding is an antiinflammatory target | 136 | |
| 8771658359 | ricin | -lectin in castor plant seeds -toxic, causes cells to lump then lyse | 137 | |
| 8771664375 | hemagglutinin | a lectin -a protein that binds a specififc carbohydrate on human cell surface, definition of viruses -targets sialic acid on host, influenza virus replicates in the cell |  | 138 |
| 8771694363 | unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds -omega 3, 6, 9 -liquid at room temp | 139 | |
| 8771696291 | triglyceride | -efficient at storing, much more effective than carbohydrates (9kcal/g compared to 4kcal/g) -anhydrous, does not take on water like carbohydrates -6-7 more times energy than glycogen -storage form of fatty acids |  | 140 |
| 8771728004 | phospholipid | -constructed from 2 fatty acids, a glycerol(or sphingosine), a phosphate, and an alcohol -both hydrophobic (uncharged tails) and hydrophilic (charged head) -spontaneously form bilayers |  | 141 |
| 8771740292 | amphipathic (amphiphilic) | having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. | 142 | |
| 8771749508 | phosphoglyceride | phospholipids with a glycerol backbone -most common phospholipids |  | 143 |
| 8771758407 | sphingomyelin | -a phospholipid with a sphingosine backbone - especially common in nerve cells |  | 144 |
| 8771779174 | phospholipid bilayer | -spontaneously forms -hydrophobic molecules will bind inside the ________, hydrophilic molecules bind to the outside (ex carbohydrate chain) -bring in nutrients and salts, discard wastes, allows cell to cell communications, localizes proteins | 145 | |
| 8771811478 | amino acid | proteins are linear polymers of _________ -monomers, building blocks -20 different ones |  | 146 |
| 8771821715 | R groups | -20 different ________ invloved in protein synthesis -2 groups: non polar (hydrophobic, uncharged) and polar (hydrophilic, charged or uncharged) | 147 | |
| 8771840003 | primary structure | -a sequence of amino acids, covalently linked by peptide bonds | 148 | |
| 8771845841 | peptide bond | carboxyl and amino groups meet, a dehyration reaction occurs where the water is removed -holds together proteins |  | 149 |
| 8771855506 | intramolecular interactions | refers to interactions and bonds which result in the secondary structure of a protein -disulfide (covalent), hydrogen, ionic and van der walls bonds | 150 | |
| 8771858772 | disulfide bond | covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids -strong -defines antibodies structure | 151 | |
| 8771870953 | secondary structure | every protein has this -level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices |  | 152 |
| 8771875035 | tertiary structure | secondary structures of proteins interact with each other to form ___________ |  | 153 |
| 8771883376 | quaternary structure | when two or more tertiary structures associate, a final functional protein |  | 154 |
| 8771888447 | misfolded | proteins that are __________ have the same sequence of amino acids but the wrong structue -can be fatal | 155 | |
| 8771900127 | silk | proteins provide structure in spider ______ | 156 | |
| 8771902156 | antibody | -protein, provides protection -in immune system -connected by disulfide bonds |  | 157 |
| 8771903837 | haemoglobin | protein that provides transport of oxygen, and the pick up of carbon dioxide | 158 | |
| 8771912033 | enzymes | _______, such as lactase, are proteins -speed up reactions | 159 | |
| 8771913413 | insulin | a protein whose function is to communicate -Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps to decrease blood sugar. | 160 | |
| 8771915858 | contractile | actin and myosin are _______ proteins | 161 | |
| 8771916640 | ferritin | storage form of iron -a storage protein (stores nutrients, not energy) | 162 | |
| 8778210108 | statistics | a mathematical science 2 kinds: experimental (used a lot in science, manipulation) and observational (ex:climate change, no manipulation) | 163 | |
| 8778223880 | N | sample size -a small sample size means that data can be skewed, larger group normalizes data | 164 | |
| 8778277918 | Indian Journal of Dermatology | published a paper on plagarism which had been plagarised from an Iranian graduate school -Retracted March 2015 | 165 | |
| 8778289277 | scientific design | a series of steps undertaken to test a hypothesis |  | 166 |
| 8778301874 | observation | first step of scientific design | 167 | |
| 8778310456 | independent variable | variable that is changed | 168 | |
| 8778312854 | dependent variable | variable that is observed | 169 | |
| 8778317393 | develop hypothesis | scientific design step 2 | 170 | |
| 8778330274 | independent | the ________________ variable of the guinea pig doctor was the presence of the bacteria h.pylori | 171 | |
| 8778339232 | dependent | the ________________ dependent variable of the guinea pig doctor was the presence of gastritis/stomach ulcers | 172 | |
| 8778344387 | collect data | third step of scientific design | 173 | |
| 8778357707 | controlled variable (control group) | what is maintained in an experiment | 174 | |
| 8778370999 | retest hypothesis (happens many times) | fourth step of scientific design | 175 | |
| 8778381281 | metabolism | all of the chemical reactions occuring in a cell | 176 | |
| 8778409259 | catabolism | the breaking down of materials-energy is generated | 177 | |
| 8778413505 | anabolism | the building of large macromolecules from small precursors-uses energy -ex: formation of DNA, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins | 178 | |
| 8778428608 | phototroph | transforms sunlight into chemical energy | 179 | |
| 8778431171 | chemotroph | gains energy from food | 180 | |
| 8778434109 | metabolic pathways | series of linked, enzymatically controlled chemical reactions -all are interconnected, relies on good communication | 181 | |
| 8778442618 | ATP | the universal currency of the cell -is produced by fats or carbohydrates |  | 182 |
| 8778453420 | ADP | adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups -low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP |  | 183 |
| 8778478130 | AMP | ATP minus two phosphates -least amount of energy stored |  | 184 |
| 8778506100 | energy | Active organisms need _______ to move, for active transport (immune system, circulation), and sythesis (DNA, carbohydrates) | 185 | |
| 8778564168 | ATPsynthase | an enzyme used in the electron transport chain that links a phosphate to ADP to form ATP, this reaction occurs to STORE energy -ATP-ADP cycle | 186 | |
| 8778579686 | ATPase | the enzyme that causes ATP to lose a phosphate, takes away a phosphate to form ADP to RELEASE energy | 187 | |
| 8778600087 | cellular respiration | the metabolic processes which converts glucose to ATP -2 kinds: aerobic, anarobic | 188 | |
| 8778607297 | glycolosis | Metabolic pathway that converts glucose (6C) into 2x pyruvate (3C), initiates cellular respiration -creates two ATP -in anaerobic: pyruvate is fermented to produce alcohol and latic acid -in aerobic, pyruvate creates Acetyl COA and CO2 | 189 | |
| 8778630721 | 30 | aerobic cellular respiration produces about ________ more ATP than anaerobic does | 190 | |
| 8778657341 | Acetyl CoA | fats , polysaccharides and proteins all are converted to this, it is the starting point of the citric acid cycle -will not enter citric acid cycle without oxaloacetate | 191 | |
| 8778686542 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) | is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. -Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by removing CO2 |  | 192 |
| 8778701120 | citric acid cycle | Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. -The major degradative pathway for generation of ATP -makes reduction power molecules to get fed into the electron transport chain, which relies on oxygen |  | 193 |
| 8778721838 | glycolosis | the process that beings to oxidate glucose to prepare it for the rest of cellular respiration -produces 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP | 194 | |
| 8778739852 | thiamine pyrophosphate | coenzyme required by pyruvate dehydrogenase -without this present, cellular respiration will not occur -Also Vitamin B1 | 195 | |
| 8778753816 | beriberi | thiamin pyrophosphate deficiency -common in third world countries and alcoholics -leads to heart disease, arsenic and mercury binds here instead and causes arsenic and mercury poisening -"mad hatters" | 196 | |
| 8778793534 | pyruvate | In the catabolism of fats, there is a direct production of acetyl CoA, due to no glycolosis, this means no __________ is produced | 197 | |
| 8778811677 | citric acid cycle | produces NADH, FADH2 and GTP which can all be used to produce about 30 additonal ATP -acetyl CoA enters as a shuttle molecule, brings in carbon, carbon dioxide and NADH is reduced by adding a hydrogen, this is converted into aTP | 198 | |
| 8778835715 | GTP | produced in the citric acid cycle. A form of energy, only used in dire situations, when the body is energy starved | 199 | |
| 8778847255 | gluconeogenesis | the formation of glucose from pyruvate -while glycolysis builds up ATP, _______ stores ATP, both are facilitated by the same enzyme | 200 | |
| 8778891045 | diabetes 1 | lack of insulin -due to genetics or an unknown trigger -immune system stops pancreas from producing insulin -an autoimmune disease | 201 | |
| 8778895106 | diabetes 2 | too little insulin or cannot use it effectively -high blood sugar, insulin resistanceglut | 202 | |
| 8778914863 | oxaloacetate | is produced from glucose via pyruvate -reacts with acetyl CoA to produce citrate -without insulin, this is not produced -precurser of citric acid cycle | 203 | |
| 8778949960 | ketone bodies | when there is no oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA (made from protein and fats) is converted to ________ -when they go into citric acid cycle to produce ATP, they drop blood pH which results in coma and death -acetyl CoA interacts with itself | 204 | |
| 8778993582 | diabetic ketosis | a serious condition that can lead to diabetic coma (passing out for a long time) or even death. When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones and lowers blood pH | 205 | |
| 8781094504 | 3 | every ____ minutes another Canadian is diagnosed with diabetes | 206 | |
| 8781110775 | 29 | percentage of Canadians currrently living with diabetes or prediabetes -Will rise to 33% by 2025 | 207 | |
| 8781119303 | 1 | ___ in 10 deaths in Canadian adults was attributable to diabetes in 2008-2009 | 208 | |
| 8781130313 | 3.4 | _____ million Canadians are estimated to be living with diabetes | 209 | |
| 8781134717 | 14 | diabetes is costing the country ____ billion dollars per year -in 10 years it will rise to 17.5 | 210 | |
| 8782539339 | citric acid cycle | takes products of glycolysis (pyruvate) and transforms them into into NADH | 211 | |
| 8782553927 | electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorous chain) | produces lots of ATP -series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox | 212 | |
| 8782577869 | 80 | people over 35 years old with a BMI higher than 30 are ______ times more likely to develop diabetes than someone with a BMI of 22 | 213 | |
| 8782585929 | insulin | protein maintains glucose levels in the blood, produced by the beta cells of the pancrease -released into blood when glucose levels rise | 214 | |
| 8782601526 | pancreas | where is insulin produced? | 215 | |
| 8782629974 | glut4 (glucose transporter) | brings glucose into the cell -a protein -is triggered by insulin -permits the facilitated diffusion of circulating glucose down its concentration gradient into muscle and fat cells. | 216 | |
| 8782652862 | increasing | _________ glucose levels trigger production of insulin in pancreas which signals for Glut4 to be transported tocell surface | 217 | |
| 8782666111 | glycogen synthase | enzyme responsible for converting glucose into glycogen -protein -turned on after a meal when glucose levels are high | 218 | |
| 8782691178 | OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) | patients fast and then has a glucose blood test. Then has a drink with lots of glucose and has another blood test 2 hours later. Normal peoples blood sugar will peak and then drop, diabetics will spike and not drop |  | 219 |
| 8782716567 | obesity | state of nutrient excess and creates chronically Ac;vated cellular growth factor signaling • Leads to insulin resistance and Diabetes -lots of adipose tissue, which disregulates biochemical process which affects insulin | 220 | |
| 8782758462 | glucagon | -protein horomone is released from the pancrease to stimulate glucose production when there are low glucose levels -moves glucose into the blood | 221 | |
| 8782766041 | lactate | is produced by muscles from anaerobic fermentation and can be converted to glucose by the liver | 222 | |
| 8782790938 | liver | in fasting conditions or in diabetics fatty acids (acetyl CoA0 is broken down in the ______ to produce ketone bodies, which are used for energy from heart and brain | 223 | |
| 8782796426 | metformin | a drug for type 2 diabetes that promotes glucose uptake and uncreases insulin sensitivity -helps obese people control weight | 224 | |
| 8782826372 | proteolytic enzyme | breaks down proteins into amino acids when there is no glucose available for energy | 225 | |
| 8782837690 | aminopeptidase | further breakdown (after proteolytic enzyme) of proteins, puts amino acids into gastric cycle -peptidases is another enzyme which does this | 226 | |
| 8782864522 | nitrogen | breaking down proteins for energy is unsustainable, as they cannot feul the entire body.Breaking apart amino groups leaves a lot of _______ which is excreted through the urea cycle | 227 | |
| 8782903475 | heart disease | due to being hydrophobic and anhydrous, too many triglycerides in the circulatory system causes clumping which leads to ________ | 228 | |
| 8782927968 | cholesterol | -lipid -makes horomones (ex: Vitamin d, sex horomones, secondary sex characterisitics) -we have access from eating animal products -hydrophobic, so cannot travel in blood stream unaccompanied, transported by proteins | 229 | |
| 8782944844 | low density lipoproteins | -the bad cholestoral, transports cholesterol to sites throughout the body, to many of these lead to heart disease | 230 | |
| 8782956792 | high density lipoproteins | -the good cholesterol transports cholesterol from sites in the body to the liver, where it is broken down | 231 | |
| 8782978300 | vitamin D | produced by cholesterol, obtained from oily fish, red meat or eggs in the winter time -ultraviolet light (sunlight) is needed to produce this | 232 | |
| 8782985757 | rickets | bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children in England 17th century -due to lack of sun, and not enough oily fish, red meat and eggs in diet -treatment/prevention: Cod liver oil | 233 | |
| 8783353621 | metabolic syndrome | AKA insulin resistence, prediabetes Risk factors: • Increased blood pressure • High blood sugar • Excess body fat around waist • Abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels these factors increase risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes | 234 | |
| 8783371411 | 1 in 5 | _____ people have metabolic syndrome in canada | 235 | |
| 8783386811 | fructose | a monosaccharide that can be absorbed directly into the blood during digestion -fruit sugar -added to food and drinks and baked goods (for browning) | 236 | |
| 8783408076 | fructose | increases triglycerides in diet, leading to metabolic syndrome -also leads to an increased amount of glucose in blood, but a decrease in ability to use insulin | 237 | |
| 8783457235 | p13 kinase | a protein, enzyme -critical in insulin signalling -mutated in breast and ovarian cancer -obesity may cause pre cancerous tumours -mobilizes aldolase, increases glycolysis and glucose uptake | 238 | |
| 8783486648 | aldolase | key protein in the glycolysis pathway that is involved in the staging of glucose for energy extraction -converts glucose to pyruvate | 239 | |
| 8783507529 | cancer cells | use protein as energy source -high metabolic demand, take in a lot of glucose, allows us to use PET scans to identify them by (a glucose analog), shows radiation | 240 | |
| 8783534426 | celiacs disease | autoimmune disorder -response to eating gluten in small intestine -often begins within first two years of life -associated with diabetes 1 -body sends out antibodies after gluten, this shortens the villi on small intestine -leads to anaemia, body can't absorb food -may be due to mutation in HLA-DQ or a gastric infection | 241 | |
| 8783540543 | gluten | a protein found in wheat, barley and rye | 242 | |
| 8783595212 | AAS (anabolic androgenic steroids) | synthetic version of testosterone -men take it to build muscle and increase male secondary sex characteristics -increases actin and myosin production, must work out to convert protein to muscle | 243 | |
| 8783672094 | prion disease | a disease caused by an abnormal protein particle that infects brain tissue -deadly infection from a misfolded protein, eaten through animal products | 244 | |
| 8783807493 | catabolism | _______ is oxidative -oxidative is any chemical reaction in which a material gives up electrons, as when the material combines with oxygen. (ex:fire) | 245 | |
| 8785064487 | glycolysis | NADH, pyruvate and ATP are the products of ______ | 246 | |
| 8785177365 | liver | the _____ regulates blood glucose | 247 |
