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| 10995422653 | biochemistry | the study of the chemistry of living things | 0 | |
| 10995426034 | matter | 1. anything that has mass and takes up space 2. 3 forms/states: solid, liquid, gas | 1 | |
| 10995439185 | solid | a form of matter with tightly packed atoms and a definite shape | 2 | |
| 10995445339 | liquid | a form of matter with spaced apart atoms that takes the shape of the container it's in | 3 | |
| 10995461815 | gas | a form of matter with the most spaced apart particles that takes the shape of the container it's in | 4 | |
| 10995468538 | atoms | the smallest pieces of matter; made of subatomic particles | 5 | |
| 10995476955 | subatomic particles | 1. make up atoms 2. 3 types: protons, neutrons, electrons | 6 | |
| 10995484775 | protons | subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the atom's nucleus | 7 | |
| 10995497792 | electron | subatomic particle with a negative charge found within the nucleus of an atom | 8 | |
| 10995503629 | neutron | subatomic particle with a neutral charge that is located outside of an atom's nucleus | 9 | |
| 10995512411 | molecule | 1. a substance composed of two or more atoms 2. ex: H₂O, O₂, CO₂, N₂, NaCl, HCl, H₂SO₄, C₆H₁₂O₆ | 10 | |
| 10995566278 | compound | 1. a substance composed of two or more different atoms 2. ex: H₂O, CO₂, NaCl, HCl, H₂SO₄, C₆H₁₂O₆ 3. all ________________s are molecules, but not all molecules are ___________s | 11 | |
| 10995648198 | element | a pure substance made of only one kind of atom | 12 | |
| 10995659025 | elements of living things | 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen 5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfur | 13 | |
| 10995675477 | ways to represent molecules or compounds | 1. chemical formula 2. structural formula 3. ball and stick model 4. space filling model | 14 | |
| 10995712286 | chemical formula | tells us atom types in a molecule and the number of atoms in a molecule | 15 | |
| 11014450339 | chemical bonds | occur when atoms interact using their electrons | 16 | |
| 11014457396 | covalent bonds | 1. this bond holds atoms together when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons 2. most biological molecules (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) are held together with these strong bonds 3. one carbon atom can form 4 ______________ __________ |  | 17 |
| 11014505823 | ionic bonds | 1. this type of interaction between atoms occurs when atoms transfer an electron back and forth between them 2. these bonds are weak, and when they are broken, the atoms involved are called ions 3. NaCl (salt) is held together with __________ ____________ NaCl -------> Na⁺ Cl⁻ (water) |  | 18 |
| 11014592846 | hydrogen bonds | 1. these bonds occur when weak hydrogen bonds with a very strong atom like oxygen or nitrogen 2. these bonds hold water molecules and DNA strands together 3. these are weak bonds individually, but are strong in greater numbers | 19 | |
| 11014640004 | 2 types of compounds | 1. organic 2. inorganic | 20 | |
| 11014647488 | organic compounds | compounds with both carbon and hydrogen atoms ex: CH₄, C₆H₁₂O₆, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids | 21 | |
| 11014680408 | inorganic compounds | compounds/molecules that never contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms together ex: H₂O, NaCl, CO₂, HCl, NaOH (usually include acids, bases, salts, and minerals) | 22 | |
| 11052139246 | polymer | 1. a macromolecule made of repeating subunits called monomers/monosaccharides/simple sugars/building blocks 2. carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids are considered _________________s | 23 | |
| 11052168835 | carbohydrates | 1. made of atoms of C, H, and O 2. 2:1 ratio of H to O (ex: C₆H₁₂O₆) 3. energy source for organisms 4. foods rich in __________________________: bread, pasta, potatoes, cereal, granola bars, desserts, candy, rice, fruits veggies, oats | 24 | |
| 11052247051 | monosaccharides | glucose and fructose | 25 | |
| 11052260612 | disaccharides | sucrose, lactose | 26 | |
| 11052264441 | polysaccharides | complex carbs, like starch, cellulose, glycogen | 27 | |
| 11052276483 | sucrose | white sugar |  | 28 |
| 11052283625 | -ose | most carb names end in __________- | 29 | |
| 11052291996 | ring | carbohydrates have a _________ structure | 30 | |
| 11052311033 | glucose |  | 31 | |
| 11052317335 | starch | a glucose-storing polysaccharide; plants use excess glucose made through photosynthesis and synthesize _______________ | 32 | |
| 11052341961 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide found in cell walls | 33 | |
| 11052365859 | hydro- | means "water" | 34 | |
| 11052365860 | -lysis | to split/break apart | 35 | |
| 11052376017 | hydrolysis | 1. a polymer or macromolecule is broken down into its monomers by adding water molecules and an enzyme 2. digestion 3. the opposite of dehydration synthesis |  | 36 |
| 11052424567 | water and protein | the human body is made mostly of ______________ ______ _________________; the most abundant organic compounds in organisms is protein | 37 | |
| 11052436236 | protein | 1. made of atoms of C, H, O, N, and S 2. polymers made of amino acid monomers 3. the shape of a _______________ determines its function 4. 20 different amino acids are used in nature to build thousands of different ______________s 5. the order and arrangements of amino acids determines the type of protein 6. most abundant organic compound in the body 7. types include hormones, enzymes, antibodies, transport, receptor, motor | 38 | |
| 11052452450 | dehydration synthesis | 1. process that builds all polymers and macromolecules in cells, like carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 2. two molecules lose the "parts" of water and join/bond together |  | 39 |
| 11081732549 | lipids | 1. made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 2. includes fats, oils, and waxes 3. building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids 4. not true polymers 5. 2 categories: phospholipids and triglycerides | 40 | |
| 11081760821 | phospholipids | 1. structural lipids that build membranes 2. have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail |  | 41 |
| 11081817109 | hydrophilic | water loving | 42 | |
| 11081821084 | hydrophobic | water fearing | 43 | |
| 11081824111 | triglycerides | 1. a source of long-term energy storage ("fats that make you fat") 2. composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids 3. stored under the skin of mammals/homeotherms and serve as insulation 4. 2 categories: saturated fats (triglycerides) and unsaturated fats (triglycerides) | 44 | |
| 11081836598 | homeotherm | warm-blooded organism | 45 | |
| 11117905459 | fatty acids | vary in their hydrocarbon chain length and whether there are double bonds | 46 | |
| 11117930585 | saturated fats (triglycerides) | 1. no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of its fatty acids 2. all carbons are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms 3. they are solids at room temperature 4. ex: coconut oil, butter, meat trimmings (lard) 5. most come from animals 6. AKA bad fats because they can lead to the production of excess cholesterol in our bodies and the formation of plaque build-up on our inner arterial walls - this could lead to cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks or strokes |  | 47 |
| 11117982073 | unsaturated fats (triglycerides) | 1. one or more double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids causing the molecule to "bend" or "kink" 2. liquid at room temperature 3. ex: canola oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, most plants |  | 48 |
| 11118025681 | hydrocarbon chain |  | 49 | |
| 11135594012 | glycogen | a glucose storing polysaccharide found in mammals that is stored in muscle cells and the liver | 50 | |
| 11152780628 | trans fat | hydrogenated vegetable oil; unsaturated fats (oils) that are treated chemically to remain solid at room temperature | 51 | |
| 11200321619 | nucleic acids | 1. organic compounds that contain the elements of C, H, O, N, and P 2. macromolecules and polymers 3. they are DNA and RNA 4. involved in the storage, processing, and transmission of hereditary material 5. structure: made of nucleotides that consist of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen bases | 52 | |
| 11200418152 | nucleotides | the building blocks/monomers/subunits of nucleic acids |  | 53 |
| 11200440802 | 5 nitrogen bases | adenine guanine cytosine thymine (only in DNA) uracil (only in RNA) | 54 | |
| 11200470010 | 8 | there are ______ different nucleotides | 55 | |
| 11200485086 | 4 DNA nucleotides |  | 56 | |
| 11200531782 | 4 RNA nucleotides |  | 57 | |
| 11200599598 | sugars found in nucleotides | deoxyribose and ribose | 58 | |
| 11200614189 | DNA model |  | 59 | |
| 11200747987 | complimentary pairing | 1. adenine can only hydrogen bond with thymine 2. cytosine can only hydrogen bond with guanine 3. exists in DNA | 60 | |
| 11200773576 | sequence | the __________________ of nucleotides determines the specific instructions | 61 | |
| 11200868311 | genome | refers to all of the DNA, genes, and chromosomes in a cell or organism | 62 | |
| 11200921324 | good sources of protein | -eggs -beans -meat (beef, pork, chicken, turkey, fish) -peanuts and all nuts -milk -animal products -tofu (soy beans) -chick peas | 63 | |
| 11201118463 | structure of an amino acids | 1. every amino acid had the same basic structure with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end 2. R = side chain -- varies among all 20 amino acids |  | 64 |
| 11201163731 | gene | a small segment of DNA on a chromosome that contains instructions on how to build proteins | 65 | |
| 11201217400 | amino acids | 1. the building blocks of protein 2. assembled into proteins at ribosomes in our cells 3. the instructions on how to assemble the ___________ __________ lies in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene 4. dehydration synthesis occurs at ribosomes to link _________________ ____________ together an build a protein | 66 | |
| 11201332084 | peptide bond | covalent bond that links amino acids together |  | 67 |
| 11201443094 | different bonds | the _______________ ___________ in DNA are important to its function because the strong covalent bonds keep the sugar-phosphate backbones from breaking and the weak hydrogen bonds allow DNA to be read and copied | 68 | |
| 11220367287 | enzymes | 1. speed up chemical reactions 2. specific to certain reactions 3. biological catalysts 4. thousands of _________________ in cells 5. they are proteins => ribosomes make them 6. most end in -ase 7. usually named for their substrates 8. active sites on different _________________ are different from each other which determines their specificity | 69 | |
| 11220432881 | active site | the place where the enzyme and substrate connect |  | 70 |
| 11220459264 | substrate | the substance with which an enzyme reacts | 71 | |
| 11220475694 | enzymatic proteins | 1. function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions 2. ex: digestive enzymes | 72 | |
| 11220624625 | structural proteins | 1. its function is to build and support body parts 2. ex: collagen, elastin, keratin | 73 | |
| 11220638771 | storage proteins | 1. store amino acids 2. ex: ovalbumin in eggs, casein in milk | 74 | |
| 11220652389 | transport proteins | 1. move substances around the body 2. ex: hemoglobin | 75 | |
| 11220676565 | hormonal proteins | 1. coordinates an organism's activities using hormones 2. ex: insulin | 76 | |
| 11220690727 | receptor proteins | 1. involved in cell to cell communication 2. ex: receptors in nerve cell membranes | 77 | |
| 11220858287 | contractile and motor proteins | 1. function: movement 2. ex: actin and myosin in muscles | 78 | |
| 11220869677 | defensive proteins | 1. work in the immune system - protection against diseases 2. ex: antibodies | 79 |
