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| 7094753894 | subatomic particles | protons, neutrons, electrons |  | 0 |
| 7094754764 | elemental state | has neutral charge, number of protons = number of electrons | 1 | |
| 7094758145 | ground state | if all the electrons in an atom are in the lowest available energy levels |  | 2 |
| 7094759087 | excited state | when an atom absorbs energy and its electrons move to a higher energy level -exp: when a chlorophyll molecule in a photosynthetic plant cell absorbs light energy, the molecule becomes excited and electrons are boosted to a energy level |  | 3 |
| 7094768321 | isotopes | atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus -exp: carbon-12 and carbon-14 *fun fact: chemically, all isotopes of the same element are identical because they have the same number of electrons in the same configuration |  | 4 |
| 7094775217 | half-life | enables us to measure the age of fossils or to estimate the age of the earth -exp: carbon-14 (used for carbon dating) |  | 5 |
| 7094776964 | radioisotopes (radioactive isotopes) | an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and undergoes radioactive decay |  | 6 |
| 7094780370 | radioactive iodine (I-131) | can be used both to diagnose and to treat certain diseases of the thyroid gland | 7 | |
| 7094780912 | tracer | a radioisotope used to track a chemical reaction -exp: radioactive carbon (a type of tracer) can be incorporated into a molecule and used to trace the path of carbon dioxide in a metabolic pathway | 8 | |
| 7094786364 | what is released during bond formation? | energy (because atoms acquire a more stable configuration by completing their outer shell; energy must be supplied to break a bond) |  | 9 |
| 7094787531 | ionic bonds | result from the transfer of electrons |  | 10 |
| 7094790098 | anion (*a* *n*egative *ion*) | an atom that gains electrons |  | 11 |
| 7094790881 | cation (a positive ion) | an atom that loses an electron |  | 12 |
| 7094791936 | covalent bonds | when atoms share electrons |  | 13 |
| 7094794131 | molecule | resulting structure from a covalent bond formation |  | 14 |
| 7094796113 | double covalent bond v.s. triple covalent bond | double: 2 atoms share 2 electrons triple: 2 atoms share 3 electrons |  | 15 |
| 7094797188 | nonpolar bond | a covalent bond when electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms |  | 16 |
| 7094874677 | diatomic molecules | molecules made up of two atoms of the same element; balanced -exp: H2, O2 |  | 17 |
| 7094875382 | polar covalent bond | a covalent bond when electrons are shared unequally; unbalanced *this is the case between any two different atoms |  | 18 |
| 7094886569 | why is water a polar molecule? | the oxygen atom exerts a greater pull on the shared electrons than do the hydrogen atoms, so one side of the molecule has a negative charge and the other side has a positive charge |  | 19 |
| 7094888801 | hydrogen bonding | when the positive hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of an adjacent molecule |  | 20 |
| 7094901917 | specific heat | the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1°C | 21 | |
| 7094901916 | water has a high specific heat, so... | ... large bodies of water resist changes in temperature and provide a stable environmental temperature for the organisms that live there -moderate climate of nearby land |  | 22 |
| 7094931176 | water has a high heat of vaporiztion, so... | evaporating water requires the absorption of a relatively great amount of heat, so evaporation of sweat significantly cools the body surface |  | 23 |
| 7094934187 | water is the universal solvent | because water is a highly polar molecule, it dissolves all *polar* and *ionic* substances |  | 24 |
| 7094936840 | cohesion (transpirational-pull cohesion tension) | attraction between molecules of the same substance -property of water -exp: water moves up tree from roots to leaves without using energy |  | 25 |
| 7094938969 | capillary action | the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid -tendency of water to rise in a thin tube |  | 26 |
| 7094942673 | surface tension | a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by inter-molecular forces -allows insects to walk on water |  | 27 |
| 7094945878 | spring overturn | the mixing of layers until the temperature is uniform throughout the lake explanation: 1. floating ice insulates liquid water below, allowing organisms to survive in winter 2. ice melts in spring, becomes denser, and sinks to bottom of lake 3. water circulates 4. oxygen from surface is returned to depths 5. nutrients released by bacteria at bottom in winter carried to upper layers of lake |  | 28 |
| 7094956855 | pH value | the value of the pH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter | 29 | |
| 7094957569 | pH scale | measures acidity and alkalinity of a solution |  | 30 |
| 7094958678 | buffers | substances that resist changes in pH -works by either absorbing excess hydrogen ions or donating hydrogen ions when there are too few |  | 31 |
| 7094960765 | bicarbonate ion | most important buffer in human blood | 32 | |
| 7094964734 | isomers | organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures; have different properties -3 types: structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers |  | 33 |
| 7094965179 | structural isomers | differ in arrangement of atoms |  | 34 |
| 7094966435 | cis-trans isomers | differ only in spatial arrangement around double bonds (since double bonds aren't flexible like single bonds) |  | 35 |
| 7094970318 | enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other -mirror images are known as L- (left-handed) and D- (right-handed) versions |  | 36 |
| 7094972936 | organic compounds | make up all living things; compounds that contain carbon -4 classes of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | 37 | |
| 7094975461 | carbohydrates | CnH2O (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) -body uses it for fuel and as building materials -ratio of the number of hydrogen atoms to the number of oxygen atoms in all carbs is always 2:1 -3 classes: monocaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccarides | 38 | |
| 7094983412 | monocaccharides | have a chemical formula of C6H12O6 -exp: glucose, galactose, fructose (isomers of each other) |  | 39 |
| 7123013722 | disaccharides | have the chemical formula C12H22O11 -consist of two monosaccharides joined together, with the release of one molecule of water (dehydration synthesis) | 40 | |
| 7123015139 | dehydration synthesis | condensation | 41 |
