This flashcard set includes the vocabulary words and definitions from Chp 6: A Tour of the Cell (Biology 8E by Campbell et al, 2008).
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| 96399660 | light microscope | an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens | |
| 96399661 | magnification | the ratio of an object's image size to its real size | |
| 96399662 | resolution | a measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two points | |
| 96399663 | contrast | this accentuates differences in parts of a sample being viewed under a microscope | |
| 96399664 | organelle | any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells | |
| 96399665 | electron microscope | a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. | |
| 96399666 | cell ultrastructure | the cellular anatomy revealed by an electron microscope | |
| 96399667 | scanning electron microscope | a microscope that produces an enlarged, finely detailed, three-dimensional image of an object's surface by using a beam of electrons rather than light | |
| 96399668 | transmission electron microscope | a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structures of thinly sectioned specimens | |
| 96399669 | brightfield unstained | a technique in light microscopy that passes light directly through a specimen, generating an image with little contrast | |
| 96399670 | brightfield stained | a technique in light microscopy that passes light directly through a fixed (preserved) specimen that has been artificially colored with various dyes to enhance contrast | |
| 96399671 | phase contrast | a technique in light microscopy that enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density within a specimen; especially useful for examining living, unpigmented cells | |
| 96399672 | differential interference contrast | a technique in light microscopy that uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3-D | |
| 96399673 | fluorescence | a technique in light microscopy that shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules with special dyes or antibodies that absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible light | |
| 96399674 | confocal | a technique in light microscopy that uses laser and special optics for optical sectioning of fluorescently-stained specimens, illuminating only a single plane; uses a pinhole aperture to eliminate out-of-focus light from a thick sample, creating a 3-D reconstruction | |
| 96399675 | cell fractionation | a technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated using an ultracentrifuge | |
| 96399676 | plasma membrane | a thin, flexible barrier composed of two layers of lipids and proteins that encloses the entire cell, regulating what enters and exits the cell | |
| 96399677 | cytosol | intracellular fluid that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products | |
| 96399678 | chromosome | a threadlike structure found in dividing cells that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next | |
| 96399679 | ribosome | one of many small, nonmembranous particles made of RNA and protein found in all cells, on which proteins are assembled; located either free in the cytosol or bound to rough ER or the nuclear envelope | |
| 96399680 | eukaryotic cell | a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; examples of organisms with these cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals | |
| 96399681 | nucleus | an organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA | |
| 96399682 | prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea | |
| 96399683 | nucleoid | a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | |
| 96399684 | cytoplasm | the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus | |
| 96399685 | fimbriae | the attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes | |
| 96399686 | capsule | a jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes | |
| 96399687 | nuclear envelope | a double membrane enclosing the nucleus that is perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus | |
| 96399688 | nuclear lamina | a net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus | |
| 96399689 | chromatin | the long, thin fibers made from a combination of DNA and protein molecules that comprise the genetic material in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell | |
| 96399690 | nucleolus | a nonmembranous structure inside the nucleus, made of RNA and protein, where ribosomes are made | |
| 96399691 | endomembrane system | the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | |
| 96399692 | vesicle | one of many small membrane-bound sacs that function in moving products into, out of, and within a cell | |
| 96399693 | endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes | |
| 96399694 | smooth ER | an extensive network of membranes lacking ribosomes that synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs and poisons | |
| 96399695 | rough ER | an extensive network of membranes with ribosomes on its outer surface that makes secretory proteins and serves as a membrane factory for the cell | |
| 96399696 | glycoprotein | a secretory protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it | |
| 96399697 | transport vesicle | a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm that carrying molecules produced by the cell | |
| 96399698 | Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER, and synthesize some carbohydrate products | |
| 96399699 | lysosome | a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides; found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists | |
| 96399700 | phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell; it is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals | |
| 96399701 | autophagy | a process in which lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic materials | |
| 96399702 | food vacuole | a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as nutrients by the cell | |
| 96399703 | contractile vacuole | a membranous sac that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell; found in certain freshwater protists | |
| 96399704 | central vacuole | a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development | |
| 96399705 | mitochondrion | an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration; referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it helps generate chemical energy in the form of ATP | |
| 96399706 | chloroplast | an organelle found in cells of plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs the energy from sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water | |
| 96399707 | peroxisome | an enzyme-filled, membrane-enclosed organelle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down into harmless products | |
| 96399708 | cristae | the numerous folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | |
| 96399709 | mitochondrial matrix | the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle | |
| 96399710 | plastid | one of a group of membrane-enclosed organelles found in the cells of photosynthetic organisms; used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments | |
| 96399711 | thylakoid | one of the many flattened membrane sacs inside a chloroplast used to convert light energy into chemical energy | |
| 96399712 | granum | a stack of membrane-enclosed thylakoids in a chloroplast that function in the light reactions of photosynthesis | |
| 96399713 | stroma | the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membranes; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water | |
| 96399714 | cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments within a cell that helps it maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement | |
| 96399715 | motor protein | a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell | |
| 96399716 | microtubule | a small protein fiber composed of tubulin that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that makes up the cytoskeleton, and plays a role in cell structure and movement | |
| 96399717 | centrosome | a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that is important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center | |
| 96399718 | centriole | one of a pair of tiny structures in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets in a "9 + 0" arrangement | |
| 96399719 | cilium | a short cellular appendage projecting from a cell that contains bundles of microtubules (in a "9 + 2" arrangement) that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over a cell's surface | |
| 96399720 | flagellum | a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion; has a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the "9 + 2" arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane | |
| 96399721 | basal body | a structure consisting of a "9 + 0" arrangement of microtubule triplets, that organizes the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum | |
| 96399722 | dynein | a large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella | |
| 96399723 | microfilament | a fiber composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction | |
| 96399724 | actin | a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells | |
| 96399725 | cortex | the outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions, due to the presence of multiple microfilaments | |
| 96399726 | myosin | a type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein to cause cell contraction | |
| 96399727 | pseudopodium | a cellular extension of a cell used in locomotion and feeding | |
| 96399728 | cytoplasmic streaming | a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells | |
| 96399729 | intermediate filament | a component of the cytoskeleton made of keratin proteins that are specialized for bearing tension, reinforcing the shape of a cell, and fixing the position of certain organelles | |
| 96399730 | cell wall | a strong supporting layer around the plasma membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria | |
| 96399731 | primary cell wall | in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell | |
| 96399732 | middle lamella | in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells | |
| 96399733 | secondary cell wall | in plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | |
| 96399734 | extracellular matrix | the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells | |
| 96399735 | collagen | a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom | |
| 96399736 | proteoglycan | a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrates | |
| 96399737 | integrin | a receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton | |
| 96399738 | plasmodesmata | the open channels in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell | |
| 96399739 | tight junction | an intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells | |
| 96399740 | desmosome | an intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet | |
| 96399741 | gap junction | an intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells |
