This flashcard set includes the vocabulary words and definitions from Chp 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea (Biology 9E by Campbell et al, 2011). http://robswatski.virb.com
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| 60972916 | character | an observable heritable feature | 0 | |
| 60972917 | trait | any detectable variant in a genetic character | 1 | |
| 60972918 | true breeding | referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate | 2 | |
| 60972919 | hybridization | the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties | 3 | |
| 60972920 | P generation | the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance | 4 | |
| 60972921 | F1 generation | the first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses | 5 | |
| 60972922 | F2 generation | offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation | 6 | |
| 60972923 | allele | any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic traits | 7 | |
| 60972924 | dominant allele | a gene that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote | 8 | |
| 60972925 | recessive allele | a gene whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote | 9 | |
| 60972926 | law of segregation | states that the two alleles in a pair separate into different gametes during gamete formation | 10 | |
| 60972927 | Punnett square | a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses | 11 | |
| 60972928 | homozygous | having two identical alleles for a given gene | 12 | |
| 60972929 | heterozygous | having two different alleles for a given gene | 13 | |
| 60972930 | phenotype | the physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup | 14 | |
| 60972931 | genotype | the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism | 15 | |
| 60972932 | testcross | breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype | 16 | |
| 60972933 | monohybrid | an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest | 17 | |
| 60972934 | dihybrid | an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest | 18 | |
| 60972935 | law of independent assortment | states that each pair of alleles separates independently of other pairs during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromsomes | 19 | |
| 60972936 | complete dominance | the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable | 20 | |
| 60972937 | incomplete dominance | the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele | 21 | |
| 60972938 | codominance | the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways | 22 | |
| 60972939 | Tay Sachs disease | a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain; results in seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years | 23 | |
| 60972940 | pleiotropy | the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects; Ex: the multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease | 24 | |
| 60972941 | epistasis | a type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited | 25 | |
| 60972942 | quantitative character | a heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion | 26 | |
| 60972943 | polygenic inheritance | an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character; Ex: skin pigmentation in humans | 27 | |
| 60972944 | norm of reaction | the range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences | 28 | |
| 60972945 | multifactorial | refers to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors | 29 | |
| 60972946 | pedigree | a diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations | 30 | |
| 60972947 | carrier | an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus, with one normal allele and one recessive allele, who can pass on the recessive allele to offspring | 31 | |
| 60972948 | cystic fibrosis | a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated | 32 | |
| 60972949 | sickle cell disease | a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele, resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid in a globin polypeptide that is part of the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms | 33 | |
| 60972950 | Huntington's disease | a human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms | 34 | |
| 60972951 | amniocentesis | a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus | 35 | |
| 60972952 | chorionic villus sampling | a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus | 36 | |
| 1337194222 | blending hypothesis | the idea that genetic material contributed "mix" together in a way that blue + yellow make green; predicts that over many generations a freely mating population would give rise to a uniform population of individuals; fails to explain how some traits reappear after skipping a generation; disproved by Gregor Mendel | 37 | |
| 1337194223 | stamen | the pollen-producing organ of a flower | 38 | |
| 1337194224 | carpel | the egg-bearing organ of a flower | 39 | |
| 1337194225 | cross pollination | fertilization between different plants | 40 | |
| 1337194226 | locus | a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located | 41 | |
| 1337194227 | monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits | 42 | |
| 1337194228 | dihybrid cross | a cross between individuals concentrating on two definable traits | 43 | |
| 1337194229 | multiplication rule | a rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities | 44 | |
| 1337194230 | addition rule | the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities | 45 | |
| 1337194231 | multiple alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait; Ex: ABO blood group in humans | 46 | |
| 1337194232 | achondroplasia | a form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal | 47 | |
| 1337194233 | albinism | an autosomal recessive hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment, particularly in the eyes, skin, and hair | 48 | |
| 1337194234 | newborn screening | the analysis of a neonate's blood for metabolic or genetic disorders to prevent mental retardation, disability or death | 49 |
