First Year Undergraduate Psychology Notes
Terms : Hide Images
| 261030858 | PET | Positron Emission Tomography - records emission of radioactivity from injected gamma rays | |
| 261030859 | EEG | Electroencephalogram - electrodes follow electrical activity of the brain | |
| 261030860 | MEG | Magnetoencephalogram - measures faint magnetic fields generated by the brain | |
| 261030861 | CAT SCAN | Computerised Axial Tomography - uses x-rays to create a picture of the brain in "slices" | |
| 261030862 | MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging - uses magnetic fields to create a picture of the brain in "slices" | |
| 261030863 | fMRI | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - modified version of MRI based on haemoglobin | |
| 261030864 | CELL MEMBRANE | - made of 2 layers of phospholid molecules - uncharged molecules can pass through | |
| 261030865 | CELL PROTEIN CHANNELS | allow only certain types of charged ions through the cell membrane | |
| 261030866 | CELL NUCLEUS | contains DNA | |
| 261030867 | MITOCHONDRIA | provide energy to the cell | |
| 261030868 | RIBOSOMES | synthesise new proteins | |
| 261030869 | ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | transports proteins to other locations in the cell | |
| 261030870 | NEURON STRUCTURE |  | |
| 261033069 | NEURON SHAPES |  | |
| 261033070 | CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS | 1. sensory neurons 2. motor neurons 3. interneurons - dendrites and axons are contained within 1 structure | |
| 261033071 | GLIAL CELLS | support neurons in their functions | |
| 261033072 | ASTROCYTES | - largest glial cells - synchronise neuron activity - remove waste after a neuron dies | |
| 261033073 | MICROGLIA | - smallest of glial cells - remnove waste, viruses, fungi, etc. | |
| 261033074 | OLIGODENDROCYTES | - form myelin sheaths around axons in central nervous system | |
| 261033075 | SHWANN CELLS | - form myelin sheaths around axons in peripheral nervous system | |
| 261092255 | RESTING POTENTIAL | the difference between the charge outside and inside a resting neuron (~-70mV) | |
| 261092256 | MAINTAINING A RESTING POTENTIAL | 1. SELECTIVE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY - this allows only a certain level of charged ions to enter the cell, thus maintaining a certain charge 2. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP - working against concentration gradients to get N out of the cell and K in | |
| 261092257 | HYPERPOLARISATION | increase in negative charge inside the axon | |
| 261092258 | DEPOLARISATION | - decrease in negative charge inside the axon - caused by movement of Na+ ions across the membrane (controlled by Na+ channels) | |
| 261092259 | THRESHOLD OF EXCITATION | - when a neuron gets increasingly depolarised, one can find a threshold at which any further depolarisation will result in an action potential - the reason why this threshold exists, are the voltage gated Na+ channels (permeability depends on voltage difference across the membrane) | |
| 261092260 | ACTION POTENTIAL | - the result of depolatisation passing the threshold of a neuron and causing a sudden, massive depolarisation of the membrane - beyond this threshold, larger depolarisations do not produce larger action potentials (all-or-none law) | |
| 261092261 | RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD | - just before the Na+ channels become absolutely refractory, the K+ channels open and the concentration gradient for K+ changes, causing the membrane potential to return to normal - this cause temporary hyperpolarisation, before membrane returns to normal (~2-4ms) | |
| 261092262 | RATE LAW | the strength of a stimulus is represented by the firing rate of an axon | |
| 261092263 | SYNAPSES | chemical junctions through which information is passed from one neuron to another |  |
| 261092264 | CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION AT SYNAPSE | 1.action potential arrives at the presynaptic axon terminal 2.channels in axon terminal open, Ca++ enters axon terminal 3.Ca++ causes vesicles to bind to presynaptic membrane and burst, releasing neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis) 4.neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft & binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane 5.IPSPs & EPSPs in post-synaptic cell spread towards axon hillock. If depolarisation there is enough to reach threshold, neurone fires an AP | |
| 261092265 | INACTIVATION+REUPTAKE (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) | REUPTAKE - when the presynaptic neurone takes up most of the neurotransmitter molecules intact and reuses them TRANSPORTERS - special membrane proteins that facilitate reuptake |
