Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Terms : Hide Images
| 528873955 | What is a "Circadian Rhythm"? | A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period. | |
| 528873956 | What is a "Ultradian Rhythm"? | A Rhythmic biological event who's period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours Examples: Bouts of activity, feeding, and hormone release | |
| 528873957 | What is a "Infradian Rhythm"? | A rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm, that is, longer than a day Examples: body weight and reproductive cycles repeat less than once a day | |
| 528873958 | What are the three types of biological rhythms? | Circadian rhythms Ultradian rhythms Infradian rhythms | |
| 528873959 | what does "diurnal"? mean? | Active during the light periods of the daily cycle (opposite of nocturnal) | |
| 528873960 | .a Concerning circadian rhythms, What is "free-running"? About how long is the "period"? | ... | |
| 528873961 | .b Concerning circadian rhythms, What is a "phase Shift"? What is "entrainment"? What is Zeitgeber"? | ... | |
| 528873962 | .c Where is the biological clock located? | ... | |
| 528873963 | .d What is some evidence that the SCN produces a circadian rhythm? | (1) SCN-lesioned animals showed disrupted circadian rhythms (2) Isolates SCN cells maintain electrical activity synchronized to the previous light cycle (3) Transplant studies: Hamsters with SCN lesions received a SCN tissue transplant from hamsters with a very short period, ~20 hours Circadian rhythms were restored but matched the shorter period of the donor | |
| 528873964 | What do we mean when scientists refere to the "third eye"? | The pineal gland in amphibians and birds is sensitive to light. Because the skull over the pineal is especially thin in some species, we can think of those species as having a primitive "third eye" | |
| 528873965 | What is secreted from the pineal gland? | Melatonin. An amine hormone that is secreted at night, thereby signaling day length to the brain | |
| 528873966 | What cells in mammals tell tell the SCN when it is light out? | Certain retinal ganglion cells in the eye send there axons along the retinohypthalamic pathway, veering out of the optic chiasm to synapse directly within the SCN. Most contain "melanopsin", a special photopigment, that makes them sensitive to light | |
| 528873967 | .e Describe the mechanisms of the molecular clock. How did we discover this? | Molecular studies on Drosophila using mutations of the period gene helped to understand the circadian clock in mammals | |
| 528873968 | .f Concerning circadian rhythms, What do tau mutations effect? If both copies of the clock gene are disrupted, what is the effect? | ... | |
| 528873969 | .g Concerning circadian rhythms, In the absence of cues, what is the free-running period of humans? | ... | |
| 530516493 | .a What is used to record the sleep patterns? What are the two stages of sleep? | ... | |
| 530516494 | .b What are the four distinct stages of slow-wave-sleep (SWS)? | ... | |
| 530516495 | Concerning EEG activity, What is "beta activity"? | The pattern of EEG activity in the brain of fully awake, alert person. It i a mixture of many relatively fast frequencies (15-20 Hz) and low amplitude. | |
| 530516496 | Concerning EEG activity, What is "alpha rhythm"? | When you relax and close your eyes, a distinctive rhythm appears in the eEG, consisting of a regular oscillation at a frequency of 8-12 Hz | |
| 530516497 | .c Concerning the four stages of slow-wave sleep: What does stage 1 sleep look like? How long does it last? | ... | |
| 530516498 | .d Concerning the four stages of slow-wave sleep: What does stage 2 sleep look like? | If awakened during these first two stages of sleep, many subjects deny that they have been asleep, even though they failed to respond to signals while in those stages | |
| 530516499 | .e Concerning the four stages of slow-wave sleep: What does stage early stage 3 sleep look like? | ... | |
| 530516500 | .f Concerning the four stages of slow-wave sleep: What does late stage 3 sleep look like? | ... | |
| 530516501 | .f Concerning the four stages of slow-wave sleep: What does REM sleep look like? What is another name for REM sleep? | ... | |
| 530516502 | Could a student that fell asleep in class be in REM sleep? | Aside from those muscles moving the eyes, all other skeletal muscles are not just relaxed, but completely limp. The active-looking EEG coupled with deeply relaxed muscles is typical of REM sleep. If you see a cat sleeping in the sitting, sphinx position, it cannot be in REM sleep; in REM, it would be sprawled limply on the floor. For the same reason, a student sleeping while sitting upright in class cannot be in REM sleep. | |
| 530516503 | .g What are the properties of Slow-wave sleep versus REM sleep? | ... | |
| 530516504 | .h About what percent of a typical night of young adult sleep is REM sleep, when does it occur and how long does it's cycles last? How much is stage 2 sleep? Is stage 3 SWS more common early in the night or later in the night? | ... | |
| 530516505 | .i Does the circadian rhythm of sleep shift? or is it constant? | ... | |
| 530516506 | In what stages do we dream? How does the stage effect dreaming? | Viv dream occur during REM sleep REM sleep is characterized by visual imagery, whereas dreams during non-REM sleep are more "thinking" type. REM dreams are apt to include a story that involve odd perceptions and the sense that the dramer "is there" | |
| 530516507 | What are "night terrors"? How are they different form nightmares? | Nightmares are frightening dreams that waken the sleeper from REM sleep Night terrors are sudden arousals from stage 3 SWS, marked by fear and autonomic activity In night terror the sleeper does not recall a vivid dream but may remember a sense of a crushing feeling on the chest, as though being suffocated | |
| 530516508 | .j Do other animals show REM sleep? | REM sleep evolved in some vertebrates: Nearly al mammals display both REM and SWS Birds also display both REM and SES sleep | |
| 530516509 | .k How does infant sleep different than children or adults? | ... | |
| 530516510 | .l How does sleep change as you age | This decline in stage 3 sleep with age may be related to diminishing cognitive functioning, since an especially marked reduction of stage 3 SWS characterizes the sleep of pople who suffer from senile dementia. growth hormone from disrupted sleep in the elderly leads to the cognitive deficits. | |
| 530516511 | what are the effects of sleep deprivation? | ... | |
| 530516512 | .m how to the stages of sleep differ in sleep recovery? | ... | |
| 530516513 | .n What is "fatal familial insomnia"? | ... | |
| 530516514 | What are the four functions of sleep? | (1) Energy conservation - lower muscular tension, heart reate, blood pressure, temperature, and rate of respiration are reduced (2) Niche adaptation - helps avoid predators by sleeping during the part of the day when they are most vulnerable (3) Body restoration -replenishing metabolic requirements, such as proteins, most growth hormone is only released during SWS. Proper sleep is essential for immune function (4) Memory consolidation - Sleep during the interval between learning and recall may reduce interfering stimuli. Memory typically decays and sleep may slow this down. | |
| 532170046 | .e What are the four interacting neural systems and underlie sleep? | forebrain system--displays SWS brainstem system--activates the forbrain pontine system--triggers REM sleep hypothalamic system--affects the other three | |
| 532170047 | .b Concerning sleep, What is the isolated brain experiment? What did it discover? | ... | |
| 532170048 | .b Concerning sleep, What is the isolated forebrain experiment? What did it discover? | ... | |
| 532170049 | .c What area generates SWS activity in the forebrain? What neurotransmitter is involved? | ... | |
| 532170050 | .cc What is the Tuberomamillary nucleus? | A region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating slow-wave sleep | |
| 532170051 | .ccc What do the general anesthetics used to render people unconscious affect? | ... | |
| 532170052 | .d What are of the CNS will wake up sleeping animals? | ... | |
| 532170053 | .f What area of the CNS is responsible for REM sleep? | ... | |
| 532170054 | .g What neurons inhibit motoneurons during REM sleep? What neurotransmitter is used? | neurons in the locus coeruleus GABA and glycine produce powerful inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in spinal motoneurons, preventing them from reaching threshold and producing an action potential. Thus, the dreamer's muscles are not just relaxed, but flaccid. | |
| 532170055 | What is "cataplexy"? | Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness. Cataplexy is sometimes a common component of narcoleptic attacks. Can be triggered by sudden, intense emotional stimuli, including both laughter and anger. | |
| 532170056 | What are the symptoms of narcolepsy? | involve frequent(usually about every 90 minutes), intense episodes of sleep, which last form 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours Do not go through SWS before REM sleep | |
| 532170057 | .h How did we learn about the hypothalamic sleep center? | Through the study of narcolepsy | |
| 532170058 | .i What in the hypothalamus controls sleep | Hypocretin (also known as Orexin) neurons Humans with narcolepsy have lost about 90% of their hypocretin neurons | |
| 532170059 | What is "sleep paralysis"? | The brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking up it may be caused by the pontine center continuing to signal for muscle relaxation, even when awake | |
| 532170060 | What sleep disorders in children are associated with SWS? | Night terrors and sleep enuresis (bed-wetting) are associated with SWS Somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs during stage 3 SWS, and may persist into adulthood. | |
| 532170061 | What is REM behavior disorder (RBD)? | A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream It usually begins after age 50 and may be followed by beginning symptoms of Parkinson's disease This suggest damage to the brain motor system | |
| 532170062 | What is Sleep-onset insomnia? | difficulty in falling asleep, and can be caused by situational factors, such as shift work or jet lag | |
| 532170063 | What is sleep-maintenance insomnia? | difficulty in staying asleep and may be caused by drugs or neurological factors | |
| 532170064 | What is sleep apnea and what causes it? | A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. May be caused from respiratory neurons in the brain stem that don't signal properly or by self--choking which is common in obese people Sleep apnea may be accompanied by snoring | |
| 532170065 | What is the speculated cause of SIDS? | probably is sleep apnea resulting from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms | |
| 532170066 | What is Sleep state misperception? | occurs when people report insomnia even when they were alseep | |
| 532170067 | .j How do most sleeping pills work? What occurs from continued use of sleeping pills? | ... |
