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| the study of carbon compounds | ||
| the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws | ||
| the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena | ||
| organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen | ||
| compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but in different structures, and thus with different properties | ||
| differ in the covelent arrangements of their atoms | ||
| one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds. Trans is when corresponding side groups of the isomer are diagonal to each other. Cis is when the two are on the same side of the isomer | ||
| isomers that are mirror images of each other, written as L and D isomers | ||
| carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms | ||
| chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions | ||
| (-OH) functional groups. Found in alcohols(whose specific names end in -ol) Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom. can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds | ||
| (>C=O) functional group consisting of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond, leaving two open bonds for the carbon. Forms ketones(functional group found within carbon skeleton) and aldehydes(functional group found at the end of the carbon skeleton) Ketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers with different properties. Found in sugars, forming two major groups of sugars: aldoses and ketoses | ||
| (-COOH)Forms carboxylic acids. when an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an OH groups, leaving one open bond to the carbon atom. Found at the ends of carbon chains(cannot be in the middle because it has only one bond left to it). Has acidic properties due to the OH group, where the H may leave to have (COO-) + (H+). Found in cells in the ionized for with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion | ||
| (-NH2)Forms amines. acts as a base. Can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution. Ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions. | ||
| -(SH) . Forms Thiols. Two of these functional groups can react to form a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure | ||
| (-OPO(O-)(O-)) or (PO4(2-)). Forms organic phosphates. A phosphorous atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms in which one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton and two oxygens carry negative charges contributes negative charge to the molecule. Has potential to react with water, releasing energy. Can form up to three bonds. | ||
| Forms Methylated compounds. Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. Addition to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes. Arrangement in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function | ||
| Abbreviated ATP. Three phosphate groups bound in linear order to an Adenosine molecule |
