macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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| 447805441 | What are macromolecules? | "macro"= big, made of a few common atoms, accomplish all life functions | |
| 447805442 | 4 kinds of macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids | |
| 447805443 | monomer | simplest unit | |
| 447805444 | polymer | a large molecule made of repeating monomers | |
| 447805445 | transition between monomers and polymers | facilitated by water dehydration and hydrolysis | |
| 447805446 | anabolic | builds complexity | |
| 447805447 | endergonic | requires energy | |
| 447805448 | catabolic | reduces complexity | |
| 447805449 | exergonic | releases energy | |
| 447805450 | Dehydration | builds more complex molecules from smaller ones, H and OH removed from ends of molecules, covalent bonds between molecules, water released anabolic and endergonic | |
| 447805451 | Hydrolysis | reverse of dehydration, water comes between covalent bond and molecule splits with H on one and OH on another catabolic and exergonic | |
| 447805452 | Carbohydrates: elements, examples | C, H, O starch, cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan | |
| 447805453 | carb. monomers | monosaccharides can have different numbers of carbons | |
| 447805454 | 3 most famous saccharides | glucose, galactose, fructose Sucrose: glucose and fructose Lactose: glucose and galactose | |
| 447805455 | carb. uses | energy storage, structural support | |
| 447805456 | starch | carb., long chains of glucose alpha linkages can digest these for energy, stored in things like potatoes | |
| 447805457 | cellulose | carb., also chains of glucose but with a cis/trans isomer that flips them when linking beta linkages we can't digest them but protists living in stomachs can, and cows | |
| 447805458 | chitin | modified polysaccharide added a nitrogen to make it non-soluble used in fungi cell walls and in exoskeletons | |
| 447805459 | peptidoglycan | modified polysaccharide used in bacterial cell walls | |
| 447805460 | Lipids: elements, examples | C, H, O fats, oils, waxes | |
| 447805461 | lipid uses | long term energy storage and insulation | |
| 447805462 | lipid polymers | no polymers | |
| 447805463 | 3 types of lipids | triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids | |
| 447805464 | triglycerides | 1 glycerol, three fatty acids connected by dehydration synthesis (ester linkages) | |
| 447805465 | fatty acids | long hydrocarbon chains | |
| 447805466 | Saturated fat | carbon chains are "saturated" with hydrogen, no double bonds so there are as many hydrogens bonded to them as possible able to pack closely together, solid at room temperature | |
| 447805467 | Unsaturated fat | carbon chains have some double bonds, form "kinks" in fatty acids unable to pack as closely together, cannot form solids at room temperature | |
| 447805468 | phospholipids | glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group phosphate group is hydrophilic and fatty acids are hydrophobic | |
| 447805469 | phospholipid arrangement | forma a bilayer with hydrophilic heads out and tails facing in forms membrane used in almost every cell | |
| 447805470 | steroids | hormones and cholesterol | |
| 447805471 | steroid structure | 4 fused rings different functional groups lead to different functions | |
| 447805472 | Proteins: elements | most complex biological molecules C, H, O, N, little S | |
| 447805473 | protein monomers | amino acids | |
| 447805474 | amino acids joined by ___________ bonds | peptide | |
| 447805475 | classifying amino acids | contain carboxyl group, amino group, and hydrogen also have variable group R that differs from each to the next | |
| 447805476 | number of amino acids | 20 | |
| 447805477 | protein directionality | carboxyl side and and amino side N side and C side | |
| 447805478 | protein structure | primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure | |
| 447805479 | primary structure made of: | series of amino acids linked together | |
| 447805480 | primary structure bonds | peptide | |
| 447805481 | what is a chain of amino acids called? | a polypeptide | |
| 447805482 | secondary structure | the shape that the chain folds into | |
| 447805483 | secondary structure bonds | hydrogen bonds, between the amino acids and the functional groups | |
| 447805484 | secondary structure shapes | "alpha" helix or "beta" pleated sheet | |
| 447805485 | tertiary structure | specific 3D shape of a particular polypeptide | |
| 447805486 | tertiary shapes | "globular"- folded into a mass strands like that of a spider web | |
| 447805487 | tertiary bonds are formed between __________ structure | R groups of the amino acids hydrophobic amino acids on the inside | |
| 447805488 | quaternary structure | specific 3D shape of any protein that is made of more than one polypeptide chain (many are) overall structure when multiple chains fom a functional protein | |
| 447805489 | hemoglobin | carries oxygen in our red blood cells contain iron hemes | |
| 447805490 | denaturation | change in the structure of a protein, unraveling denature proteins don't work that well caused by high temps, addition of acid, salt | |
| 447805491 | nucleic acids | information storage molecules for biological systems | |
| 447805492 | nucleic acids: elements | C, H, O, N, P | |
| 447805493 | 2 kinds of nucleic acid | DNA, and RNA | |
| 447805494 | nucleic acid monomers | nucleotides | |
| 447805495 | nucleotides consist of _________, _________, and _________ | phosphate pentose sugar nitrogenous base | |
| 447805496 | five carbon sugars in DNA and RNA | DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose | |
| 447805497 | 4 different bases in RNA and DNA | RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine | |
| 447805498 | How many strands do DNA and RNA have? | DNA has 2 strands. RNA has 1 strand | |
| 447805499 | DNA functions | storing information about the primary structure of proteins sequencing the RNA molecules it's inheritable | |
| 447805500 | the backbone of the DNA strands is made of the _________ and _________ | phosphates, sugars | |
| 447805501 | bonds in DNA | phosphodiester bonds (covalent) between nucleotides hydrogen bonds between strands | |
| 447805502 | letter pairing | A to T C to G purine always opposite pyrimidine total of 3 rings on each level | |
| 447805503 | purine | nucleotide with two fused rings | |
| 447805504 | pyrimidine | nucleotide with one ring | |
| 447805505 | RNA functions | transmitting and translating DNA information into protein enzymatic and regulatory functions | |
| 447805506 | types of RNA vs. types of DNA | 1 type of DNA, 15 types of RNA known much more interesting that DNA | |
| 447805507 | 3 types of RNA | messenger, transfer, ribosomal | |
| 447805508 | RNA structure | less stable than DNA | |
| 447805509 | directionality of DNA and RNA | 3' (three prime) end to 5' (five prime) end DNA is anti-parallel: the strands run in opposite directions | |
| 766738831 | two types of ring structure | pyrimidine (one six carbon ring) purine (one six carbon and one five carbon ring) | |
| 766738832 | which nucleic acids are purines and pyrimidine? | purines: adenine and guanine pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine |
