How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
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| 303963384 | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. It releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food. | |
| 303963385 | Cellular Respiration | The process through which cells convert food into energy. There are three steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. | |
| 303963386 | Oxygen | The final acceptor in cellular respiration (combines with two H+ to make H2O). Needed in aerobic respiration, but not in anaerobic respiration. | |
| 303963387 | Carbon Dioxide | The byproduct of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose) = 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP) | |
| 303963388 | ATP | The cellular form of energy. Adenine Triphosphate. Created when Hydrogen passes through the ATP synthase during the final stage of cellular respiration. | |
| 303963389 | Mitochondria | Where the Krebs Cycle (matrix) and the Electron Transport Chain (inter-membrane space) takes place. | |
| 303963390 | Glycolysis | The first stage of cellular respiration, doesn't require oxygen (anaerobic). Glucose broken into 2 pyruvic acids, in that process NADH carries electrons to electron transport chain and there is a net gain of 2 ATP | |
| 303963391 | Citric Acid Cycle | Second stage of cellular respiration, requires oxygen. Pyruvic Acid broken down into Carbon Dioxide and energy is once again created and transported. Pyruvic acid enters the matrix. Acetyl CoA converts pyruvic acid into citric acid. For each turn of the Krebs cycle, one ATP is produced. | |
| 303963392 | ATP Synthase | H+ ions pass back across the membrane (going with the concentration gradient now) through the ATP synthase (enzyme). It creates such a force that causes the ATP synthase molecule to spin. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. | |
| 303963393 | Cristae | The folds of the Mitochondria. | |
| 303963394 | Matrix | Inside the mitochondria. Where the Krebs Cycle takes place. | |
| 303963395 | NADH | Produced in Glycolysis but isn't used until later. NAD+ picks up electrons and creates NADH, which is an electron carrier. NADH carries the electrons to electron transport chain, where they produce more ATP. 1 glucose molecule = 2 NADH | |
| 303963396 | FADH2 | Produced in the Krebs Cycle. FAD picks up electrons and turns into FADH2. FADH2 then passes high-energy electrons to the electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. | |
| 303963397 | Anaerobic Respiration | Cellular respiration without the use of Oxygen. Ex: Wines. | |
| 303963398 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Anaerobic respiration. CHEMICAL EQUATION: Pyruvic Acid + NADH = Lactic Acid + NAD+. Main difference between Lactic and Alcoholic Fermentation: Lactic acid doesn't produce CO2. | |
| 303963399 | Alcohol Fermentation | Anaerobic respiration. Used to produce alcoholic beverages and causes bread. Longer = Better. CHEMICAL EQUATION: Pyruvic acid + NADH = Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+. | |
| 303963400 | Obligate Anaerobes | Have to/Only do anaerobic (no oxygen) respiration. Ex: Prokaryotes in a stagnant pond. | |
| 303963401 | Facultative Anaerobes | Can go between anaerobic and aerobic respiration. Ex: Yeast | |
| 303963402 | Describe the role of energy in organisms. | Energy is what powers cells, and allows living cells and organisms to carry out simple or complex tasks. In order to make energy, food is converted into ATP, which is then used as energy to power certain actions. | |
| 303963403 | Explain the relationship between chemical bonds and energy. | When chemical bonds are broken, the energy that is created by the breaking of those bonds is used to power other parts of the cell. | |
| 303963404 | Compare and contrast ATP and Glucose. | Through the breakdown of Glucose, ATP is generated. Each glucose (after going through cellular respiration) creates about 36 ATP all together. ATP is the raw form of energy, and glucose is just something that stores energy until broken down | |
| 303963405 | Describe the structure and function of the Mitochondria. Describe where in the mitochondria each stage of cellular respiration takes place. | The mitochondria is used for the process of cellular respiration. Outside of the mitochondria, glycolysis takes place. In the matrix of the mitochondria, the Krebs cycle takes place. In the inter membrane space, the electron transport chain uses the cristae to force hydrogen against and with it's concentration gradient. | |
| 303963406 | Explain the roles of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration. | NADH and FADH both collect any "dropped" electrons in all of the stages of cellular respiration. NAD+ picks up electrons and becomes NADH, and FAD to turn into FADH2. After depositing the electrons, NADH and FADH2 turn back into NAD+ and FAD and get reused. | |
| 303963407 | Describe the significance of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration | Oxygen is a powerful electron accepter and the final electron acceptor. Oxygen helps to transport electrons to the electron transport chain and also, after passing through all of the stages of cellular respiration, bonds with 2 hydrogen to make H2O, which is then exported out of the cell. | |
| 303963408 | Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. | Aerobic respiration requires Oxygen, and Anaerobic respiration doesn't requrie Oxygen. Aerobic respiration can occur for any amount of time, whereas anaerobic respiration can only take place for long, extended periods of time. | |
| 303963409 | Phosphorylation | When one phosphate is added to ADP to create ATP in the ATP synthase. | |
| 303963410 | 6 O2 + C6H12O6 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP) | 6 O2 + C6H12O6 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP) |
