Chapter 8 Vocabulary
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| energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient | ||
| active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell | ||
| active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell | ||
| passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane | ||
| in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell | ||
| in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell | ||
| in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell | ||
| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane | ||
| movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move particles across the membrane | ||
| third phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules | ||
| continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell | ||
| in animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase | ||
| cell structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome | ||
| long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes | ||
| cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells | ||
| cell process following meiosis or mitosis in which the cell's cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells | ||
| cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division | ||
| short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber | ||
| period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes | ||
| group of two or more tissues organized to perform compex activities within an organism | ||
| multiple organs that work together to perform a specific life function | ||
| first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes | ||
| identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere | ||
| cell structures composed of microtubule fibers; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids | ||
| final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence | ||
| groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function | ||
| uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme production in the cell cycle | ||
| segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle |
