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| 39459437 | Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. | |
| 39459438 | Autotrophs | An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. | |
| 39459439 | Heterotrophs | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. | |
| 39459440 | Chlorophyll | A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. | |
| 39459441 | Mesophyll | The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis. | |
| 39459442 | Stomata | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. | |
| 39459443 | Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. | |
| 39459444 | Thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. | |
| 39459445 | Light Reactions | The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process. | |
| 39459446 | Calvin Cycle | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. | |
| 39459447 | NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. | |
| 39459448 | Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton0motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | |
| 39459449 | Carbon Fixation | The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote). | |
| 39459450 | Wavelength | The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum. | |
| 39459451 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer. | |
| 39459452 | Visible Light | 380nm wavelength to 750nm wavelength | |
| 39459453 | Photons | A quantity of light energy -it's inversely proportional to wavelength. | |
| 39459454 | Spectrophotometer | An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution. | |
| 39459455 | Absorption Spectrum | The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light. | |
| 39459456 | Chlorophyll a | A type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions. | |
| 39459457 | Action Spectrum | relative effectiveness of wavelength of light on light reactions | |
| 39459458 | Chlorophyll b | A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. | |
| 39459459 | Carotenoids | gropu of accessory pigments -hydrocarbons of yellow/orange color | |
| 39459460 | Photosystem | Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. | |
| 39459461 | Light-harvesting Complex | Complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem. | |
| 39459462 | Reaction Center | Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, one of the chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain. | |
| 39459463 | Primary Electron Acceptor | A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction-center chlorophyll a molecules; it accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls. | |
| 39459464 | Photosystem II (PS II) | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | |
| 39459465 | Photosystem I (PS I) | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | |
| 39459466 | Noncyclic Electron Flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+. | |
| 39459467 | Cyclic Electron Flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen. | |
| 39459468 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) | Three Carbon sugar that's produced by three repetitions of the Calvin Cycle -must fix three molecules of CO2 | |
| 39459469 | Rubisco | Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate) | |
| 39459470 | C3 Plants | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. | |
| 39459471 | Photorespiration | On hot/dry days the stomata close, and CO2 levels drop. The enzyme rubisco then begins to add O2 to the Calvin Cycle instead of CO2 | |
| 39459472 | Bundle-sheath | A protective covering around a leaf vein, consisting of one or more cell layer, usually parenchyma | |
| 39459473 | Mesophyll Cells | A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface. | |
| 39459474 | PEP Carboxylase | An enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate. | |
| 39459475 | Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) | A type of metabolism in which carbon dioxide is taken in at night and incorporated into a variety of organic acids. | |
| 39459476 | CAM Plants | A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. | |
| 42028053 | Photoautotrophs | "Light Self Feeding" | |
| 42028054 | Thylakoid Space | Space within Thylakoid | |
| 42028055 | Grana | Stacks of Thylakoids | |
| 42028056 | Thylakoid Membrane | Where chlorophyll is located | |
| 42028057 | Light | Electromagnetic radiation form of energy | |
| 42028058 | Pigment | a substance that absorbs visible light | |
| 42028059 | Photoprotection | Keep chlorophyll from being damaged and keep light from interacting with O2 | |
| 42028060 | Phyto Chemicals | found in health food -has antioxidant properties | |
| 42028061 | Ground State | lowest energy level possible | |
| 42028062 | Excited State | highest energy level possible | |
| 42028063 | Light Harvesting Complex | various pigments molecules bound to proteins | |
| 42028064 | C4 Plant | uses four carbon compound as first product of Calvin cycle | |
| 42028065 | Bundle Sheath Cells | Use only photo system I, so they have cyclic electron flow |
