Key words of Chapter 12 of the 2004 edition of Prentice Hall 's Biology textbook. Also includes some information from Chapters 13 and 14.
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| 635564882 | DNA | A long molecule made up of nucleotides that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next. | 0 | |
| 635564883 | Chromatin | Consists of DNA bound to protein in nucleus. When a cell divides the chromatin condense to form chromosomes | 1 | |
| 635564884 | Nucleotides | monomer of DNA. Made up of three basic components: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. In RNA Uracil replaces Thymine) | 2 | |
| 635564885 | Purines | A group of compounds that include Adenine and Guanine. Have two rings in their structures | 3 | |
| 635564886 | Pyrimidine | A group of compounds that include Cytosine and Thymine. Have one ring in their structure | 4 | |
| 635564887 | Chargaff's Rule | Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine. He discovered that the ratio between the pairs were almost the exact same | 5 | |
| 635564888 | Double Helix | structure of DNA, has two DNA strands wound around eachother. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that formed in between bases | 6 | |
| 635564889 | Base pairing | Adenine can only pair with Thymine and Cytosine can only pair with Guanine. Hydrogen bonds form between the pairs to hold the double helix together | 7 | |
| 635564890 | Histone | Proteins that DNA coils around | 8 | |
| 635564891 | Nucleosome | The DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a nucleosome | 9 | |
| 635564892 | Amino Acids | Monomer of proteins | 10 | |
| 635564893 | DNA replication | During this process, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. | 11 | |
| 635564894 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule, which is a polymer. It also proofreads each new DNA strand, helping to maximize the odds that each molecule is a perfect copy of the original DNA. | 12 | |
| 635564895 | Genes | coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell. | 13 | |
| 635564896 | RNA | Contains the genetic code for making proteins | 14 | |
| 635564897 | mRNA | Serve as messengers from DNA in nucleus to the rest of the cell | 15 | |
| 635564898 | rRNA | Helps the ribosome make proteins | 16 | |
| 635564899 | tRNA | Transfers an amino acid to the ribosome | 17 | |
| 635564900 | Transcription | The process in which RNA is made. RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and uses it as a template with which to make a complimentary RNA strand | 18 | |
| 635564901 | Promoter | Regions on the DNA that signal the RNA polymerase to start copying at that point on the chain | 19 | |
| 635564902 | Codon | Three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide (protein) located on the mRNA | 20 | |
| 635564903 | Translation | The process in which proteins are made. mRNA enters a ribosome and provides the code for which amino acids should be put together. tRNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome so it can form a polypeptide | 21 | |
| 635564904 | Polypeptide | Many amino acids held together by peptide bonds | 22 | |
| 635564905 | Anti-codon | Complimentary bases on a tRNA to match the mRNA codon | 23 | |
| 635564906 | Gene mutation | Changes in the nucleotides | 24 | |
| 635564907 | Point mutation | A gene mutation that only changes a single point on the DNA sequence | 25 | |
| 635564908 | Insertion (point mutation) | when one nucleotide is added | 26 | |
| 635564909 | Deletion (chromosomal and point mutation) | when one nucleotide is taken out | 27 | |
| 635564910 | Substitution (point mutation) | when one nucleotide is switched with a different nucleotide | 28 | |
| 635564911 | Frameshift mutation | Occurs after an insertion or deletion; all codons are changed to accommodate the extra/one less nucleotide. Can alter protein so much that it is unable to perform its function | 29 | |
| 635564912 | Chromosomal mutation | Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Mutations may change the locations of genes on chromosomes, and may even change the number of copies of some genes. Changes in whole chromosomes. | 30 | |
| 635564913 | Deletion (chromosomal mutation) | When one nucleotide is taken out | 31 | |
| 635564914 | Duplication (chromosomal mutation) | When a chromosome produces extra copies of parts of the chromosome | 32 | |
| 635564915 | Inversion (chromosomal mutation) | When a part of the chromosome reverses direction | 33 | |
| 635564916 | Translocation | When one part of the chromosome breaks of and transfers to another chromosome | 34 | |
| 635564917 | Polyploidy | When an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 35 | |
| 635564918 | Transformation | Any change in an organism that alters its general character and mode of life | 36 | |
| 635564919 | Recombinant DNA | DNA molecules that are produced by combining DNA from different sources | 37 | |
| 635564920 | Restriction Enzyme | An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides | 38 | |
| 635564921 | Bacteriophage | A kind of virus that infects bacteria. "bacteria eater" | 39 | |
| 635564922 | Missense mutation | A point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a different codon that codes for a different amino acid | 40 | |
| 635564923 | Nonsense mutation | A point mutation that results in a premature stop codon | 41 | |
| 635564924 | Ligase | An enzyme that repairs places where the DNA is broken | 42 | |
| 635564925 | Complementary strand | A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary bases to another strand of DNA or RNA. For instance, during DNA replication, the new strand that is formed is a complementary strand. (Complementary bases: A-T, C-G) | 43 | |
| 635564926 | RNA polymerase | The enzyme that separates and copies the DNA strand to make a complementary RNA strand. | 44 | |
| 635564927 | Helicase | The enzyme that splits the two strands for DNA replication | 45 | |
| 635564928 | DNA replication | 1. Helicase unzips the double helix 2. DNA polymerase uses one strand to copy the information to produce another complementary strand 3. DNA polymerase connects individual nucleotides to their corresponding bases to connect the DNA molecule 4. DNA polymerase proof-reads the DNA | 46 | |
| 635564929 | Transcription | 1. RNA polymerase splits a DNA double helix at a point called a promoter (AUG) 2. RNA polymerase uses one strand as a template to make a complementary mRNA strand | 47 | |
| 635564930 | Translation | 1. An mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome 2. The proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by a tRNA (proper=tRNA that matches the codon on the mRNA) 3. In the ribosome connects the amino acids from the tRNA to each other, using rRNA. Ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids and breaks the bond that had held the amino acid to the tRNA. It continues this until it reaches a stop codon, where the polypeptide (or protein) and mRNA is released | 48 | |
| 635564931 | Restriction enzyme | Enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides | 49 | |
| 635564932 | Recombinant DNA | DNA molecules that are produced by combining DNA from different sources | 50 | |
| 635564933 | Transformation | Any change in an organism that alters its general character and mode of life | 51 | |
| 635564934 | Genetic engineering | Making changes directly to the DNA molecule | 52 | |
| 635564935 | Clone | A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell | 53 |
