Miller and Levine Biology textbook
Chapter 12 study cards
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| 4162408172 | transformation | process where 1 strain of bacteria is changed by genes from another strain of bacteria | 0 | |
| 4162408173 | Bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria | 1 | |
| 4162408174 | bacteriophage attaches to the surface of the bacterial cell and injects its genetic information into it. The phage DNA is incorporated into the bacterial DNA and the phage uses the bacterial cell to produce new bacteriophages. | how bacteriophages work | 2 | |
| 4162408175 | to store, copy, and transmit genetic information in a cell | DNA's roles (3) | 3 | |
| 4162408176 | storing information | foremost job: contain all instructions for determining what and organism will be and the process of developing from a single cell to an adult. | 4 | |
| 4162408177 | copying information | before a cell divides it must make complete copy of every gene for the new cell. | 5 | |
| 4162408178 | transmitting information | genes must be transmitted from one generation to the next. | 6 | |
| 4162408179 | deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA stands for ___ | 7 | |
| 4162408180 | nucleotides joined into long strands/chains by covalent bonds. | DNA is made of ___ | 8 | |
| 4162408181 | nucleotides | Nucleic acids are made of ___ | 9 | |
| 4162408182 | 5 carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base | 3 basic components of nucleotides | 10 | |
| 4162408183 | nitrogenous base | term for a base that contains nitrogen | 11 | |
| 4162408184 | adenine thymine cytosine guanine | DNA's 4 nitrogenous bases | 12 | |
| 4162408185 | the sugar group of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next nucleotide. | In DNA, covalent bonds form between ___ | 13 | |
| 4162408186 | [A]=[T] and [C]=[G]; in DNA, the amount of adenine and thymine found are equal and the amount of cytosine and guanine are equal. | Chargaff's rule | 14 | |
| 4162408187 | double helix | the shape of DNA; 2 DNA molecules twist around each other like a ladder. | 15 | |
| 4162408188 | double helix explains | 1.)Chargaff's rule of base pairing, 2.)how two strands are held together, and 3.)how DNA can function as a genetic carrier | 16 | |
| 4162408189 | anti-parallel strands | 2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions | 17 | |
| 4162408190 | holds 2 strands of the double helix together; hydrogen bonds form only between certain nitrogenous bases. These weak bonds allow the structure to separate. | Why is hydrogen bonding in DNA important? | 18 | |
| 4162408191 | base pairing | What do we call the following: adenine pairs with thymine cytosine pairs with guanine | 19 | |
| 4162408192 | Each base on one strand pairs with only one base on the opposite strand; each strand has information necessary to reconstruct the other half (strands are complementary) | how does base pairing in double helix explain how DNA can be copied? | 20 | |
| 4162408193 | replication | a copying process which duplicates the DNA | 21 | |
| 4162408194 | unzipping | a process (mediated by enzymes) which separates the two strands of DNA, allowing 2 replication forks to form. | 22 | |
| 4162408195 | unzipping the dna breaking the hydrogen bonds unwinding 2 strands | role of DNA Helicase enzymes in replication | 23 | |
| 4162408196 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce and proofread a new DNA strand. | 24 | |
| 4162408197 | telomeres | dna at tips of chromosomes which is difficult to replicate | 25 | |
| 4162408198 | telomerase | an enzyme which helps replicate the telomere region by adding short repeated DNA sequences to telomeres; helps prevent genes from being damaged or lost | 26 | |
| 4162408199 | nucleosomes | beadlike structures of DNA and histones | 27 | |
| 4162408200 | in the S phase | DNA replication occurs when? | 28 | |
| 4162408201 | prokaryotic DNA replication | starts in a single spot and goes around in 2 directions until the entire chromosome is copied | 29 | |
| 4162408202 | eukaryotic DNA replication | begins at many different spots on the DNA molecule and proceeds in 2 directions until the entire chromosome is copied | 30 | |
| 4162458810 | Single - stranded binding protein | proteins that bind to the freshly split DNA molecule to keep the two strands apart. | 31 | |
| 4162461195 | Leading Strand | Strand of freshly copied DNA which is continuously made | 32 | |
| 4162461196 | Lagging strand | Strand of freshly copied DNA which is discontinuously made - resulting in fragments of DNA which will need to be strung together later. | 33 | |
| 4162461197 | Okazaki fragments | Disjointed pieces of DNA which are created on the lagging strand. | 34 | |
| 4162468733 | Alfred Hershey and Marsha Chase | Used radioactive materials on bacteriophages to see which material got passed on to bacteria cells, DNA or proteins. Found that DNA was the molecule responsible. | 35 | |
| 4162468734 | Oswald Avery | Scientist who, with his team, found the molecule which results in transformation by meticulously destroying one molecule at a time. | 36 | |
| 4162469645 | Frederick Griffith | Scientist who studied the r-strain and s-strain of bacteria and how it influenced mice. | 37 | |
| 4162485413 | Bacteriophage | What is the image an example of? |  | 38 |
| 4162489588 | GCAT | What would the complementary DNA strand be if the original strand's sequence is CGTA? | 39 | |
| 4162492817 | Rosalind Franklin | Scientist who conducted x-ray diffraction on DNA to discover it was a double helix shape | 40 | |
| 4162494941 | Watson and Crick | Scientists who first build a proper model of the DNA molecule | 41 | |
| 4162503720 | Erwin Chargaff | Scientist who discovered the amount of adenine and thymine are always equal, as well as the amounts of guanine and cytosine. | 42 | |
| 4162511307 | Circular | The shape of a bacteria cell's DNA | 43 | |
| 4162512163 | In the cytoplasm | Where a bacteria cell's DNA can be found | 44 | |
| 4162513624 | in the nucleus | Where a eukaryotic cell's DNA can be found. | 45 | |
| 4162589512 | Adenine and Guanine | The bases known as the purines. | 46 | |
| 4162590319 | Thymine and Cytosine | The bases known as the pyrimidines. | 47 |
