Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 12: DNA and RNA
Terms : Hide Images
| 586706355 | Science | An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world | |
| 586706356 | Observation | The process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way | |
| 586706357 | Data | Information gathered from observations | |
| 586706358 | Quantitative Data | Data represented as numerical figures that can be expressed in numerical terms, counted, or compared on a scale | |
| 586706359 | Qualitative Data | Data that is represented by descriptions and involve characteristics that can't usually be counted | |
| 586706360 | Inference | A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience | |
| 586706361 | Hypothesis | A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations | |
| 586706362 | Scientific Process | A process that involves asking questions, observing, making inferences, and testing hypotheses | |
| 586706363 | System | A collection of parts and processes that interact | |
| 586706364 | Spontaneous Generation | Hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could arise from nonliving matter | |
| 586706365 | Francesco Redi | This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat | |
| 586706366 | Variable | A factor that can change in an experiment | |
| 586706367 | Controlled Experiment | An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time | |
| 586706368 | Manipulated Variable | The one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment; also called independent variable | |
| 586706369 | Responding Variable | Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipulated variable; also known as a dependent variable | |
| 586706370 | Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Dutch lens maker who viewed the first single celled organisms in pond water and called them animalcules | |
| 586706371 | John Needham | Seemed to help prove the case for spontaneous generation by heating nutrient broth and pouring it into covered flasks; he claimed that any living thing present in the broth had been destroyed by the heating | |
| 586706372 | Lazzaro Spallanzani | An Italian scholar who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by improving upon John Needham's work. | |
| 586706373 | Louis Pasteur | Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by boiling broth in a bottle with a long, curved neck and discovering that all living things come form other living things. | |
| 586706374 | Theory | Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations | |
| 586706375 | Biology | Science that seeks to understand the living world | |
| 586706376 | Characteristics of Living Things | 1. Living things are made up of units called cells 2. Living things reproduce 3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code 4. Living things grow and develop 5. Living things obtain and use materials and energy 6. Living things respond to their environment 7. Living things maintain a stable internal environment 8. Taken as a group, living things change over time | |
| 586706377 | Cell | Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life | |
| 586706378 | Unicellular Organisms | Living things that are made of only one cell | |
| 586706379 | Multicellular Organisms | Living things that are made up of many cells | |
| 586706380 | Sexual Reproduction | Process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism | |
| 586706381 | Asexual Reproduction | Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself | |
| 586706382 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains the sugar deoxyribose | |
| 586706383 | Differentiation | Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function | |
| 586706384 | Metabolism | The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes | |
| 586706385 | Stimulus | A signal to which an organism responds | |
| 586706386 | External Stimuli | Come from the environment outside the organism; includes factors such as light and temperature | |
| 586706387 | Internal Stimuli | Come from within an organism; includes factors such as the level of the sugar glucose in your blood | |
| 586706388 | Homeostasis | Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment | |
| 586706389 | Evolution | Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | |
| 586706390 | Biosphere | The part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems | |
| 586706391 | Ecosystem | Community and its nonliving surroundings | |
| 586706392 | Community | Populations that live together in a defined area | |
| 586706393 | Population | Group of organisms of one type that live together in a defined area | |
| 586706394 | Organism | Individual living thing | |
| 586706395 | Groups of Cells | Tissues, organs, and organ systems | |
| 586706396 | Cells | Samllest functional unit of life | |
| 586706397 | Molecules | Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds | |
| 586706398 | Metric System | Decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10 | |
| 586706399 | Microscopes | Devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye | |
| 586706400 | Light Microscopes | Produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays | |
| 586706401 | Electron Microscopes | Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons | |
| 586706402 | Compound Light Microscopes | Allow light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image | |
| 586706403 | Cell Culture | Group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell | |
| 586706404 | Cell Fractionation | Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated | |
| 588336904 | Atom | Basic unit of matter | |
| 588336905 | Nucleus | The center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons | |
| 588336906 | Electrons | Negatively charged particles; located outside the atomic nucleus | |
| 588336907 | Protons | Positively charged particles located in the nucleus | |
| 588336908 | Neutrons | The particles of the nucleus that have no charge | |
| 588336909 | Element | Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom | |
| 588336910 | Isotope | Atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element | |
| 588336911 | Compound | Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions | |
| 588336912 | Ionic Bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another | |
| 588336913 | Ions | Atom that has a positive or negative charge | |
| 588336914 | Covalent Bond | Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms | |
| 588336915 | Molecule | Smallest unit of most compounds | |
| 588336916 | van der Waals Forces | A slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules | |
| 588336917 | Cohesion | An attraction between molecules of the same substance | |
| 588336918 | Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances | |
| 588336919 | Capillary Action | A proccess powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant | |
| 588336920 | Mixture | Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined | |
| 588336921 | Solution | Mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed | |
| 588336922 | Solute | Substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution | |
| 588336923 | Solvent | Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution | |
| 588336924 | Suspension | Mixture of water and nondissolved materials | |
| 588336925 | pH Scale | Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 | |
| 588336926 | Acid | Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; has pH values below 7 | |
| 588336927 | Base | Compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution; has pH values above 7 | |
| 588336928 | Buffer | Weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH | |
| 588336929 | Monomer | Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers | |
| 588336930 | Polymer | Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers | |
| 588336931 | Carbohydrates | Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body | |
| 588336932 | Monosaccharides | Single sugar molecules | |
| 588336933 | Polysaccharides | Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides | |
| 588336934 | Lipids | Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes | |
| 588336935 | Saturated | Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens | |
| 588336936 | Polyunsaturated | Fatty acids with more than one carbon-carbon double bond | |
| 588336937 | Nucleic Acids | Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus | |
| 588336938 | Nucleotides | Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | |
| 588336939 | RNA | Ribonucleic acid; contains the sugar ribose | |
| 588336940 | Proteins | Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | |
| 588336941 | Amino Acids | Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end | |
| 588336942 | Chemical Reaction | Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals | |
| 588336943 | Reactant | Element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction | |
| 588336944 | Products | The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction | |
| 588336945 | Activation Energy | Energy needed to get a reaction started | |
| 588336946 | Catalyst | Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction | |
| 588336947 | Enzymes | Proteins that act as biological catalysts | |
| 588336948 | Substrate | Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction | |
| 588336949 | Active Site | The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate | |
| 588336950 | Robert Hooke | Cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells | |
| 588336951 | Cell | Basic unit of life | |
| 588336952 | Matthias Schleiden | Concluded that all plants are made up of cells | |
| 588336953 | Theodor Schwann | Concluded that all animals are made of cells | |
| 588336954 | Rudolf Virchow | Concluded that all cells come from existing cells; completed the cell theory | |
| 588336955 | Cell Theory | A fundamental concept of biology 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells | |
| 588336956 | Lynn Margulis | Produced the endosymbiotic theory | |
| 588336957 | Endosymbiotic Theory | A theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes | |
| 588336958 | Eukaryotes | Organisms with cells that contain nuclei | |
| 588336959 | Prokaryotes | A single-celled organism lacking a nucleus | |
| 588336960 | Organelles | Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell | |
| 588336961 | Cytoplasm | Material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus | |
| 588336962 | Nuclear Envelope | Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell | |
| 588336963 | Chromatin | Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins | |
| 588336964 | Chromosome | Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next | |
| 588336965 | Nucleolus | Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins | |
| 588336966 | Ribosome | Small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein | |
| 588336967 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified | |
| 588336968 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm; membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes; functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm | |
| 588336969 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes | |
| 588336970 | Golgi Apparatus | Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum | |
| 588336971 | Lysosomes | Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell | |
| 588336972 | Vacuoles | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | |
| 588336973 | Mitochondrion | Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use | |
| 588336974 | Chloroplast | Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy | |
| 588336975 | Cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement | |
| 588336976 | Microfilaments | Threadlike structures made of a protein called actin | |
| 588336977 | Microtubules | Hollow structures made of a protein called tubulin | |
| 588336978 | Centrioles | One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division | |
| 588336979 | Cell Membrane | Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell | |
| 588336980 | Cell Wall | Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria | |
| 588400779 | Lipid Bilayer | Double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes | |
| 588400780 | Concentration | The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume | |
| 588400781 | Diffusion | Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated | |
| 588400782 | Equilibrium | When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution | |
| 588400783 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | |
| 588400784 | Isotonic | When the concentration of two solutions is the same | |
| 588400785 | Hypotonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes | |
| 588400786 | Hypertonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes | |
| 588400787 | Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels | |
| 588400788 | Active Transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | |
| 588400789 | Phagocytosis | Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell | |
| 588400790 | Pinocytosis | Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment | |
| 588400791 | Exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material | |
| 588400792 | Cell Specialization | Separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms | |
| 588400793 | Tissue | A group of similar cells that perform a particular function | |
| 588400794 | Organ | A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions | |
| 588400795 | Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function | |
| 588400796 | Autotroph | Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer | |
| 588400797 | Heterotroph | Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer | |
| 588400798 | Adenosine Triphosphate | One of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy; ATP | |
| 588400799 | Adenosine Diphosphate | Molecule formed from the breaking off of a phosphate group for ATP, results in a release of energy that is used for biological reaction; ADP | |
| 588400800 | Photosynthesis | Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | |
| 588400801 | Jan van Helmont | Concluded that trees gain most of their mass from water. | |
| 588400802 | Joseph Priestley | Concluded that plants release oxygen | |
| 588400803 | Jan Ingenhousz | Concluded that plants needed sunlight to produce oxygen | |
| 588400804 | Julius Robert Mayer | Proposed that plants convert light energy into chemical energy | |
| 588400805 | Samuel Ruben Martin Kamen | Concluded that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis comes from water | |
| 588400806 | Melvin Clavin | Created the Calvin Cycle, traced carbon dioxide molecules and found out how glucose was made in the end | |
| 588400807 | Rudolph Marcus | Described the process of the electron transport chain | |
| 588400808 | Photosynthesis Equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water = Sugars + Oxygen | |
| 588400809 | Chlorophyll | Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy | |
| 588400810 | Pigment | Light-absorbing molecule | |
| 588400811 | Thylakoids | Saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts | |
| 588400812 | Photosystems | Light-collecting units of the chloroplast | |
| 588400813 | Stroma | Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts | |
| 588400814 | NADP+ | ... | |
| 588400815 | Light-dependent Reaction | ... | |
| 588400816 | ATP Synthase | ... | |
| 588400817 | Calvin Cycle | ... | |
| 588400818 | Glycolysis | ... | |
| 588400819 | Cellular Respiration | ... | |
| 588400820 | Cellular Respiration Equation | 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) | |
| 588400821 | NAD+ | ... | |
| 588400822 | Fermentation | ... | |
| 588400823 | Anaerobic | ... | |
| 588400824 | Alcoholic Fermentation | ... | |
| 588400825 | Alcoholic Fermentation Equation | pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ | |
| 588400826 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | ... | |
| 588400827 | Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation | pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+ | |
| 588400828 | Aerobic | ... | |
| 588400829 | Krebs Cycle | ... | |
| 588400830 | Pyruvic Acid | ... | |
| 588400831 | Electron Transport Chain | ... | |
| 588400832 | Cell Division | ... | |
| 588400833 | Mitosis | ... | |
| 588400834 | Cytokinesis | ... | |
| 588400835 | Chromatids | ... | |
| 588400836 | Centromeres | ... | |
| 588400837 | Interphase | ... | |
| 588400838 | Cell Cycle | ... | |
| 588400839 | G1 Phase | ... | |
| 588400840 | S Phase | ... | |
| 588400841 | G2 Phase | ... | |
| 589052128 | Prophase | ... | |
| 589052129 | Metaphase | ... | |
| 589052130 | Anaphase | ... | |
| 589052131 | Telophase | ... | |
| 589052132 | Spindle | ... | |
| 589052133 | Cyclin | ... | |
| 589052134 | Cancer | ... | |
| 589052135 | Gregor Mendel | ... | |
| 589052136 | Genetics | ... | |
| 589052137 | Fertilization | ... | |
| 589052138 | Trait | ... | |
| 589052139 | Genes | ... | |
| 589052140 | Alleles | ... | |
| 589052141 | Mendel's Principles | ... | |
| 589052142 | Segregation | ... | |
| 589052143 | Gametes | ... | |
| 589052144 | Independent Assortment | ... | |
| 589052145 | Homologous | ... | |
| 589052146 | Diploid | ... | |
| 589052147 | Haploid | ... | |
| 589052148 | Meiosis | ... | |
| 589052149 | Tetrad | ... | |
| 589052150 | Crossing-over | ... | |
| 589052151 | Frederick Griffith | ... | |
| 589052152 | Transformation | ... | |
| 589052153 | Oswald Avery | ... | |
| 589052154 | Alfred Hershey Martha Chase | ... | |
| 589052155 | Bacteriophage | ... | |
| 589052156 | Nitrogenous Bases | ... | |
| 589052157 | Erwin Chargaff | ... | |
| 589052158 | Chargaff's Rules | ... | |
| 589052159 | Rosalind Franklin | ... | |
| 589052160 | James Watson Francis Crick | ... | |
| 589052161 | Double Helix | ... | |
| 589052162 | Base Pairing | ... | |
| 589052163 | Histones | ... | |
| 589052164 | Nucleosomes | ... | |
| 589052165 | DNA Replication | ... | |
| 589052166 | Template | ... | |
| 589052167 | DNA Polymerase | ... | |
| 589052168 | Messenger RNA | ... | |
| 589052169 | Ribosomal RNA | ... | |
| 589052170 | Transfer RNA | ... | |
| 589052171 | Trancription | ... | |
| 589052172 | RNA Polymerase | ... | |
| 589052173 | Promoters | ... | |
| 589052174 | Introns | ... | |
| 589052175 | Exons | ... | |
| 589052176 | Splicing | ... | |
| 589052177 | Codon | ... | |
| 589052178 | Translation | ... | |
| 589052179 | Anticodon | ... | |
| 589052180 | Mutations | ... | |
| 589052181 | Point Mutations | ... | |
| 589052182 | Frameshift Mutations | ... | |
| 589052183 | Deletion | ... | |
| 589052184 | Duplication | ... | |
| 589052185 | Inversion | ... | |
| 589052186 | Translocation | ... | |
| 589052187 | Substitution | ... | |
| 589052188 | Trisomy | ... | |
| 589052189 | Monosomy | ... | |
| 589052190 | Nondisjunction | ... | |
| 589052191 | Karyotype | ... | |
| 589052192 | Sex Chromosomes | ... | |
| 589052193 | Autosomes | ... | |
| 589052194 | Germ Cells | ... | |
| 589052195 | Reproductive Cells | ... | |
| 589052196 | Zygote | ... | |
| 589052197 | Chiasmata | ... | |
| 589052198 | Somatic Cells | ... | |
| 589052199 | Polarity | Characteristic that results from the unequal sharing of electrons as seen in water | |
| 589052200 | Valence Electrons | Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond | |
| 589060628 | Polymerization | ... | |
| 589060629 | Empirical Formula | ... | |
| 589060630 | Structural Formula | ... | |
| 589060631 | Hydrolysis | ... | |
| 589060632 | Hydrophobic | ... |
