Themes in the Study of Life
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| 477103383 | Name 7 properties of life | 1) Order 2) All reproduce 3) All Process energy (metabolize) 4) Growth and Development 5) Respond to environment 6) Regulate their internal state 7) Can adapt to the environment as a population | |
| 477103384 | Property of life: Order | Life has structure and formation, with the basic unit of life being the cell. | |
| 477103385 | What is the basic unit of life? | Cell | |
| 477103386 | Why are viruses not considered living things? | They are acellular. | |
| 477103387 | Property of life: Reproduction | All living beings have some way to procreate. | |
| 477103388 | Property of Life: Energy Processing | All living beings metabolize. | |
| 477103389 | What is metabolism? | Metabolism is the exchange of matter and energy with the environment. It takes into account all chemical reactions in the organism. | |
| 477103390 | What is catabolism? | Part of metabolism that breaks down fod into smaller parts. | |
| 477103391 | What is anabolism? | Build up of food into larger parts, like muscles. | |
| 477103392 | What are the three types of energy processors? | Autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers. | |
| 477103393 | What are autotrophs? | Autotrophs can feed themselves. They can make their own food, like plants. | |
| 477103394 | What are heterotrophs? | Heterotrophs need other animals to feed themselves. | |
| 477103395 | What are decomposers? | Decomoposers are bacteria and fungi that need dead materials in order to feed. They soak up dead material nutrients. | |
| 477103396 | Property of Life: Regulation | All living beings can regulate their internal conditions for homeostasis. | |
| 477103397 | What is homeostasis? | Homeostasis is the goal of regulation by animals. The goal is to have "dynamic equilibrium" - maintain stable internal conditions in the organism, regardless of whats going on on the outside. | |
| 477109922 | what is the way in which organisms can achieve homeostasis? | Organisms have negative and positive feedback mechanism. Biological processes that they have self regulate by feedback. | |
| 477109923 | What is negative feedback? | Negative feedback is the accumulation of an end product that in turn slows the process down. Negative -- feedback that stops the process. Most feedback mechanisms are negative. | |
| 477125372 | What is positive feedback? | Positive feedback is where the end product speeds up the process. Something is produced in the process that makes the process speedup or build strength. | |
| 477125373 | Comparison of positive and negative feedback |  | |
| 477125374 | What is an example of negative feedback? | Sweating or shivering. When you sweat because you are overheated, your body is producing sweat to cool you down. Your body is maintaining your temperature, once you are cool, it stops sweating. Shivering - when you are cold, you start shivering. The body then is monitoring how warm you are. Once you are warm enough, you stop shivering. | |
| 477125375 | What is an example of positive feedback? | Clotting. When you have a cut, platelets aggregate to form a clot. This releases more chemicals that attract more platelets to the site. Peeing - when you need to pee, your bladder is full, which then your brains sends a hormone to make your bladder shrink. The pressure increases, causing the bladder to shrink some more, etc. | |
| 477125376 | What is evolution? | The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the way it is now with lots of diversity. There are three main ideas of evolution: 1-descent with modification 2-individual variations in species cause differences in survival 3-natural selection - events in the environment "select" best traits over time, others die out | |
| 477125377 | What is descent with modification? | Organisms share a common descendant (explains DNA). From that common descendant the variety grew from modification of traits with each new generation. | |
| 477125378 | What do individual variations cause difference in survival? | Species generally have too many offspring, already causing competition. Their variations may cause them to adapt to their environment better than others - can compete better to live. 1) variation is heritable 2) changes in DNA were always there, just in some members of the species, and the species that survived passed on those traits to the population. | |
| 477125379 | What is natural selection? | The tool of evolution -- allows organisms with the best traits, over time, to survive. things in the environment select the best organisms to live, and hence over time the population changes. | |
| 477125380 | Hierarchy of life, in descending order | Biosphere Ecosystem (living + non living) Community (all things living, many species) Population (same species) Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule | |
| 477125381 | what are the four macromolecules that build life? | Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids | |
| 477131543 | what is an emergent property? | At each level, from the molecular and up, new properties arrange which causes the sum of the parts to be bigger than the individual. | |
| 477131544 | What are some examples of emergent properties. | Cohesion - one water molecule can not stick to itself. But many water molecules h bond to each other, causing them to be cohesive. Living beings - one atom or molecule does not have the ability to create living things. Several molecules aggregated into large macromolecules (the four large ones of life) are the basis of all life. | |
| 477131545 | What is reductionism? | A theme in biology that reduces complex systems to simpler components so that it is more manageable to study. | |
| 477131546 | What is systems biology | Model constructing that looks at the dynamic behavior of a whole system in case something happens to one piece of the system. | |
| 477131547 | All energy eventually comes from | The sun. The sun provides the energy to plants which make the first energy as food (which then passes on to plants, etc.) | |
| 477131548 | Explain form fits function. | Structure and function correlate at all levels of biological organization. An organisms structure helps it to do what it needs to do. Conversely, knowing the function of something helps us to understand its form. For example, leaves are thin and flat to maximize the amount of sunlight captured by chloroplasts | |
| 477131549 | Other examples of form fits function |  | |
| 477134815 | What are cells? | Basic unit of structure and funciton. It is the lowest level of organization that can be alive. Activities of an organisms are based on activities of cells. | |
| 477134816 | What are the two types of cells? | Eukaryotic - has membrane enclosed organelles, with a nucleus that has DNA Prokaryotic - DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus. Has much fewer organelles, if any. | |
| 477134817 | Eurkaryotic vs prokaryotic |  | |
| 477152772 | Where is heritable information contained? | In DNA. Genes are in there. Each chormosome has one vero long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes DNA is a double helix. Genes program cells production of proteins, and proteins do everything in the human body. | |
| 477152773 | How does DNA create proteins? | DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. This sequience of neucleotides along a gene is transcribed into RNA, then translated into a specific protein with a unique shape and function. | |
| 477152774 | What is the entire library of genetic instruction that organism inherits? | a genome | |
| 477152775 | What are the 8 organizational hierarchies of life? | 1) Domain - (3) eubacteria, archaea, eukarya 2) kingdom - (5) bacteria/archaea, protists, fungi, plantae, animalia 3) Phylum 4) Class 5) Order 6) Family 7) Genus 8) Species | |
| 477152776 | What can exmplain how idnvidiuals in a population vary in their traits? | Per evolution, all traits, even varieties, are heritable. Some are not important, or are inactive. Then something happens per natural selection that causes that one trait to turn on, or to be an advantage for that specific time. Everyone else dies out, and the few that are left with this one trait are now the ones that propagate the species. | |
| 477152777 | The tree of life |  | |
| 477152778 | What are the two main forms of inquiry in biologists' study of nature? | 1) Discovery Science 2) Hypothesis based learning - "scientific method" | |
| 477152779 | What is inductive reasoning | Part of discovery sicnece, derive generalzations from large number of specific observations. | |
| 477152780 | What is a hypothesis? | Tentative answer to a well framed question. Must be: 1) testable 2) falsifiable 3) but not provable. No amount of experimenting can prove a hypothesis. 4) leads to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations by experimenting. | |
| 477152781 | what is deductive reasoning? | From general to specific, extrapolate to the specific results if the general premises are true i.e. if all organisms are made of cells, and humans are orgnaisms, then all humans are composed of cells. | |
| 477152782 | Chart of hypothesis based learning |  | |
| 477152783 | What are theories? | theories are broad in scope and very general theories are supported by a greater body of evidence. Can spin off new and more hypothesis. | |
| 477152784 | Measurement conversions |  | |
| 477153886 | what is the appropriate term for an interacting group occupying a defined area? | A population. | |
| 477153887 | What is meant by emergence? | The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. | |
| 477153888 | Natural selection tends to act at which level? | Population | |
| 477153889 | At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning? | In establishing a test of a hypothesis | |
| 477158516 | Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Fungi | Fungi is a kingdom. It belongs in Eukarya. An example is a mushroom. | |
| 477158517 | Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Eubacteria | Eubacteria is a domain. One example is lactobacillus and other types of bacteria. | |
| 477158518 | Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Plantae | Plantae is a type of kingdom. It belongs in Eukarya. An example is a tree. | |
| 477158519 | Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Archaebacteria | Archaebacteria is a type of domain. An example is thermopolis aquaticus, or Taq. | |
| 477158520 | Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Animalia | Animalia is a type of kingdom. It belongs in eukarya. One example is a human. | |
| 477158521 | Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Protista | Protists is a type of kingdom It belons in eukarya. One example is an amoeba. | |
| 477180152 | Which of the following is NOT an example of emergence -bees making a beehive -water's high specific heat -a calculator -an organ -None of the listed responses is correct. | None of the listed responses is correct. | |
| 477180153 | Which of the following can be considered a biological system? -a single liver cell -a pond -the biosphere -a salmon's cardiovascular system -All of the listed responses are correct. | All of the listed responses are correct. | |
| 477180154 | Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom? -Archaea -Bacteria -Plantae -Animalia -Fungi | Fungi | |
| 477180155 | Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived? -If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients. -If all flying animals are birds, then it can be concluded that bats are birds. -Because worms lack bones, they are classified as invertebrates. -A paramecium moves by means of the rhythmic motion of its cilia. -An elephant is warm-blooded because it is a mammal. | If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients. No. Induction moves from a set of specific observations to reach a general. In this case a generalization is being applied to a more specific group. | |
| 477180156 | At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning? -during initial observation(s) -during the formulation of a hypothesis -in establishing a test of a hypothesis -in rephrasing an alternative hypothesis -after the careful analysis of both the qualitative and the quantitative data recorded in the study | in establishing a test of a hypothesis | |
| 477380015 | Describe how populations evolve. | Populations evolve through natural selection. -Population or organisms all have hereditary variations. -They will overproduce and their children will struggle for existence. -An agent of natural selection in the environment will give an advantage to a specific trait, allowing the children who have that trait to survive more easily. -Individuals without that trait will eventually die out. -Individuals with that trait will live, and pass it on to their generations -Eventually, the entire population will be those generations, with the trait, and the population has evolved. |
