Biology Chapter 22
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| 1106670797 | Essentialism | Belief that some qualities or behaviors are intrinsic or natural | 0 | |
| 1106670798 | The Great Chain of Being | The belief that all things and creatures in nature are organized in a hierarchy from inanimate objects at the bottom to God at the top (increasing complexity). | 1 | |
| 1106670799 | Scala Naturae | Aristotle - organisms are unchanging and range from simple to complex; no extinction, no new species, no variation; idea that developed before world exploration and discovery of fossils | 2 | |
| 1106670800 | Theories of the Earth | Catastophism - Cuvier believed that geologically only catastrophic events had changed the geological structure of the earth. (~6,000 years old, 2,000 more than the Bible's age of 4,000 years). Gradualism - Hutton believed that variations in landforms could be explained by looking at mechanisms currently operating. E.g. rivers cutting through rock creating canyons. Thus changes in the Earth were a result of a slow but continuous process. Uniformitartianism - Lyell and Hutton stated that changes in the Earth are a direct cause of uniform events. (>6,000 years). | 3 | |
| 1106670801 | Lamarck | French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829) He also became known for his incorrect belief that the environment of an organism causes it to gradually adapt during its lifetime (modification) and that these modified traits pass on generation to generation. | 4 | |
| 1106670802 | Darwin | Descent with modification - Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle allowed him to explore the Galapagos where he made two essential observations and inferences - natural selection: 1. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. 2. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support (Thomas Malthus Economics - Human suffering). 1. Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. On the Eastern coast of South America: fossils made him consider descent with modification. Galapagos: Speciation from nat. selection (finches). | 5 | |
| 1106714979 | Points of Darwin | Overproduction Limit Resources Struggle Variation Survival Hereditary 1. Natural Selection is differential success in reproduction. 2. Natural Selection occurs through an interaction between the environment and the variability inherent amongst individuals in a population. 3. The product of natural selection is the adaptation of organisms to their environment. | 6 | |
| 1106714980 | Population Thinking | Darwin claimed that instead of being unimportant or an illusion, variation among individuals in a population was the key to understanding the nature of species | 7 | |
| 1106714981 | Tree Thinking | Darwin explained the principle of divergence and from there introduced tree thinking. | 8 | |
| 1106714982 | Darwin's Mistake | How heredity work. Essence of of an individual does not suddenly amass into a sperm and egg (pangenesis concept) but instead germ-plasm theory - which holds that the cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information that is passed to the egg and sperm. | 9 | |
| 1106714983 | Intelligent Design | The belief that the work and plan of God is observable in nature, thus confirming his existence and continued role in creation. Can not be tested scientifically thus cannot be validated as an acceptable scientific theory. | 10 | |
| 1106714984 | Radiometric Dating | method used to determine the absolute age of fossils. -organisms accumulate radioactive isotopes when they are alive but when they die the concentrations of these isotopes decline. -Radioactive decay in which an isotope of one element turns into another. | 11 |
