Prentice Hall Biology (Miller/Levine 2008), chapter 2
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| 530490954 | atom | the basic unit of matter | |
| 530490955 | subatomic particles | protons, neutrons and electrons | |
| 530490956 | protons | positively charged particles in the nucleus | |
| 530490957 | neutrons | particles with no charge in the nucleus | |
| 530490958 | electrons | negatively charged particles in constant motion outside the nucleus | |
| 530490959 | why atoms are uncharged | atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons | |
| 530490960 | chemical element | a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom | |
| 530490961 | atomic number | the number of protons in an atom of an element | |
| 530490962 | isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons | |
| 530490963 | compound | substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions | |
| 530490964 | chemical formula | shorthand to show the chemical composition of a compound | |
| 530490965 | chemical bonds | hold atoms in compounds together; the main types are ionic and covalent | |
| 530490966 | ionic bond | a bond formed when one or more electrons are transfered from one atom to another | |
| 530490967 | ion | a positively or negatively charged atom | |
| 530490968 | covalent bond | a bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms | |
| 530490969 | molecule | a structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds; the smallest unit of most compounds | |
| 530490970 | polar molecules | molecules in which the charges are unevenly distributed; they can attract each other | |
| 530490971 | cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance | |
| 530490972 | adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances | |
| 530490973 | mixture | material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined | |
| 530490974 | solution | a mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture | |
| 530490975 | solute | the substance in a solution that is dissolved | |
| 530490976 | solvent | the substance in a solution in which the solvent dissolves | |
| 530490977 | ions formed by water molecules | hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) | |
| 530490978 | suspensions | mixtures of water and nondissolved material | |
| 530490979 | pH 7 | pH of pure water | |
| 530490980 | pH scale | a measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution | |
| 530490981 | pH above 7 | bases | |
| 530490982 | pH below 7 | acids | |
| 530490983 | organic chemistry | the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms | |
| 530490984 | organic compounds | carbon compounds | |
| 530490985 | macromolecules | polymers; molecules made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules | |
| 530490986 | polymerization | a process that forms macromolecules by joining smaller compounds together to form larger ones | |
| 530490987 | monomers | small units that join together to form macromolecules, or polymers | |
| 530490988 | four groups of organic compounds in living things | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins | |
| 530490989 | carbohydrates | used as the main source of energy; used in structures for plants and some animals | |
| 530490990 | examples of carbohydrates | starches and sugars | |
| 530490991 | lipids | used in living things to store energy; in biological membranes and coverings | |
| 530490992 | examples of lipids | fats, oils and waxes | |
| 530490993 | fatty acids and glycerol | compounds that make up lipid molecules | |
| 530490994 | nucleic acids | store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information | |
| 530490995 | elements in nucleic acids | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus | |
| 530490996 | elements in lipids | carbon and hydrogen | |
| 530490997 | elements in carbohydrates | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | |
| 530490998 | nucleotides | monomers that make up nucleic acids | |
| 530490999 | nucleotides are made of | 5-carbon sugar; phosphate group; and nitrogenous base | |
| 530491000 | RNA | ribonucleic acid | |
| 530491001 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid | |
| 530491002 | sugars | can be broken down for immediate energy | |
| 530491003 | starches | complex carbohydrates (polymers) where extra sugar is stored | |
| 530491004 | monosaccharides | simple sugars (glucose, galactose (from milk), fructose (from fruit)) | |
| 530491005 | polysaccharides | large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides | |
| 530491006 | glycogen | animal starch that can be released from the liver when blood glucose is low | |
| 530491007 | proteins | polymers of amino acid macromolecules that control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form bone and muscles, transport substances in and out of cells, or help fight disease | |
| 530491008 | amino acids | compounds with an amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other | |
| 530491009 | chemical reaction | a process that changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals (products) by breaking bonds and forming new ones | |
| 530491010 | reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction | |
| 530491011 | products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction | |
| 530491012 | spontaneous reactions | reactions that release energy | |
| 530491013 | nonspontaneous reactions | reactions that absorb energy and will not occur without a source of energy | |
| 530491014 | activation energy | the energy that is needed to get a reaction started | |
| 530491015 | catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction | |
| 530491016 | how catalysts work | they lower the activation energy for a reaction | |
| 530491017 | enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up reactions by lowering activation energy | |
| 530491018 | substrates | reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction | |
| 530491019 | active site | a site on an enzyme where the substrate binds |
