Biology
Concepts and Connections
7th Edition
Chapter 5: The Working Cell
Terms : Hide Images
| 1044252159 | Fluid Mosaic | Membranes composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded and attached proteins | 0 | |
| 1044252160 | Steroid Cholesterol | Help stabilize the membrane at warm temperature but also helps keep the membrane fluid at lower temperatures | 1 | |
| 1044252161 | Signal Transduction | A membrane protein may be have a binding site with (signal) may cause a conformational changes in the protein (receptor) that relays the message to the inside of the cell. | 2 | |
| 1044252162 | Cell-Cell Recognition | The attached carbohydrates of glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells. This recognition allows cells in embryo to sort into tissues and enables cells of the immune system to recognize and reject foreign cells, such as infectious bacteria. | 3 | |
| 1044252163 | Selective Permeability | A critical function of membranes. They allow for substances to transport across the membrane more easily than others. | 4 | |
| 1044252164 | Phospholipids | Key ingredient of biological membranes. Were probably among the first organic molecules formed from chemical reactions on early Earth. Can spontaneously Self-assemble into simple membranes. | 5 | |
| 1044252165 | Passive transport | Diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment. No work being done | 6 | |
| 1044252166 | Thermal motion | Molecules vibrate and move randomly as a result of a type of energy | 7 | |
| 1044252167 | Diffusion | The tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in an available space. The result of thermal motion | 8 | |
| 1044252168 | Diffusion down concentration gradients | Oxygen enters the cells and carbon dioxide passes out of them creating an equilibrium. | 9 | |
| 1044252169 | Can ions and polar molecules diffuse across the hydrophobic interior of a membrane? | They can if they are moving down their concentration gradients and if they have transport proteins to help them cross | 10 | |
| 1044252170 | Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane using passive transport. | 11 | |
| 1044252171 | Solute | A substance that dissolves in a liquid solvent, producing a solution. | 12 | |
| 1044536970 | ____ _____ between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms | Water balance | 13 | |
| 1044536971 | Tonicity | The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. | 14 | |
| 1044536972 | Tonicity of a solution | Depends on its concentration of solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell | 15 | |
| 1044536973 | Isotonic | Iso, Same, and tonos, tension. When a cell is immersed in a solution and the cell's volume remains constant. EX. Intravenous fluids (IV) to blood, Seawater to cells of many marine animals | 16 | |
| 1044536974 | Red blood cells are transported in | The isotonic plasma of the blood | 17 | |
| 1044536975 | Hypotonic | A solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell (hypo, Below). The cell gains water, swells, and may BURST (lyse) like an over filled balloon. | 18 | |
| 1044536976 | Hypertonic | A solution with a higher solute concentration (Hyper, above). The cell shrivels and can die from water loss. | 19 | |
| 1044536977 | Osmoregulation | The control of water balance. Prevents excessive uptake or excessive loss of water | 20 | |
| 1044536978 | A freshwater fish, which lives in hypertonic environment, has kidneys and gills that work constantly to prevent an excessive buildup of water in the body. This control of water lose is called | osmoregulation | 21 | |
| 1044536979 | An animal cell immersed in hypotonic solution | is Lysed | 22 | |
| 1044536980 | An animal cell immersed in isotonic solution | is Normal | 23 | |
| 1044536981 | An animal cell immersed in hypertonic solution | is Shriveled | 24 | |
| 1044536982 | A plant cell immersed in hypotonic solution | is Turgid (normal or healthy state). Needs a net flow inflow of water | 25 | |
| 1044536983 | A plant cell immersed in isotonic solution | is Flaccid (limp) | 26 | |
| 1044536984 | A plant cell immersed in hypertonic solution | is Shriveled (plasmolyzed). Loses water | 27 | |
| 1044536985 | Plasmolysis | The process in which a plant cell loses water and shrivels, and the plasma membrane pulling away from the cell wall. This causes the plant to wilt and can be lethal to the cell and the plant. | 28 | |
| 1044536986 | Transport protein | Facilitates diffusion across membranes. | 29 | |
| 1044536987 | Facilitated Diffusion | A process in which polar or charged substances can move across a membrane with the help of specific transport proteins | 30 | |
| 1045203500 | Facilitated diffusion does not require energy, therefore is a _____ ______. | Passive transport | 31 | |
| 1045203501 | In all passive transport, the driving force is the ______ ______. | Concentration Gradient | 32 | |
| 1045203502 | Aquaporin | A protein channel which allows the entry or exit of up to 3 billion water molecules per second. EX. Plant cells, kidney cells, and red blood cells) | 33 | |
| 1045203503 | Why are aquaporins important in kidney cells? | Kidney cells must reabsorb a large amount of water when producing urine | 34 | |
| 1045203504 | Active Transport | A cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient across a membrane toward the side where the solute is more concentrated. | 35 | |
| 1045203505 | The energy molecule ______ supplies the energy for most active transport. | ATP | 36 | |
| 1045203506 | ____ ____ allows a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules and ions that are different from concentrations in its surroundings | Active transport | 37 | |
| 1045203507 | Exocytosis | A process the cell uses to export bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharides. EX. When we weep cells our tear glands use this to export a salty solution containing proteins | 38 | |
| 1045203508 | Endocytosis | A transport process that is the opposite of exocytosis. A cell takes in large molecules. | 39 | |
| 1045203509 | Phagocytosis | "cellular eating" A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping extensions called pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be a vacuole | 40 | |
| 1045203510 | Pinocytosis | "cellular drinking" The cell "gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles. Not specific, takes in any and all solutes dissolved in droplets | 41 | |
| 1045203511 | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Highly selective. Receptor proteins for specific molecules are embedded in regions of the membrane that are lined by a layer of coat proteins | 42 | |
| 1045203512 | Low-density lipoproteins | cholesterol circulates in the blood in particles. LDLs bind to receptor proteins and then enter cells by endocytosis. | 43 | |
| 1045203513 | Energy | The capacity to cause change or to perform work | 44 | |
| 1045203514 | Two basic forms of energy | Kinetic and potential energy | 45 | |
| 1045203515 | Kinetic Energy | The energy of motion. Ex. movement of your legs pushing bicycle pedals | 46 | |
| 1045203516 | Heat | Thermal energy or type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules | 47 | |
| 1045203517 | Light | A type of kinetic energy used to harness the power of photosynthesis | 48 | |
| 1045203518 | Potential energy | Second main form of energy. Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure. EX. molecules | 49 | |
| 1045203519 | Chemical Energy | The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. Most important type of energy for living organisms. Energy that can be transformed to power the work of the cell. | 50 | |
| 1045203520 | Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter | 51 | |
| 1045300110 | An organism is open system exchanging both ______ and ______ with its surroundings | energy and matter | 52 | |
| 1045300111 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Know as the law of energy conservation. States that the energy in the universe is constant. | 53 | |
| 1045300112 | Energy can be ____ and _____ but cannot be ____ or ____. | Transferred , transformed, created, destroyed | 54 | |
| 1045300113 | Entropy | A quantity used as a measure of disorder or randomness | 55 | |
| 1045300114 | The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is | The greater its entropy | 56 | |
| 1045300115 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe | 57 | |
| 1045300116 | Cellular respiration | The process in which chemical energy stored in organic molecules is converted to a form that the cell can use to perform work. | 58 | |
| 1045300117 | Chemical reactions do what? | Release or store energy | 59 | |
| 1045300118 | Exergonic reaction | A chemical reaction that releases energy (meaning energy outward) | 60 | |
| 1045300119 | Endergonic Reactions | Yield products that are rich in potential energy (Energy inward) | 61 | |
| 1057827122 | Photosynthesis is an example of what process? | Endergonic process. Starts with energy-poor reactants (carbon dioxide, water molecules), using energy absorbed from sunlight, produces energy-rich sugar molecules | 62 | |
| 1057827123 | Metabolism | The total of an organism's chemical reactions | 63 | |
| 1057827124 | Metabolic Pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. Ex. The "slow burn" of cellular respiration. | 64 | |
| 1057827125 | Energy Coupling | The use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions. Its a crucial ability of all cells. | 65 | |
| 1057827126 | What type of molecules are key to energy coupling? | ATP molecules | 66 | |
| 1057827127 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate, Powers nearly all forms of cellular work. | 67 | |
| 1057827128 | The adenosine part of ATP contains what? | A nitrogenous base Adenine and ribose, a five-carbon sugar | 68 | |
| 1057827129 | The triphosphate part of ATP | A chain of three phosphate groups which are negatively charged | 69 | |
| 1057827130 | Phosphorylation | A phosphate group transfer from ATP to some other molecule. | 70 | |
| 1057827131 | ATP drives the active transport of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient by _________ transport proteins. | Phosphorylating | 71 | |
| 1057827132 | The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy that drives what type of reaction? | Endergonic Reaction | 72 | |
| 1057827133 | A working muscle cell may consume and regenerate how many ATP molecules each second? | 10 million | 73 | |
| 1057827134 | How does ATP transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic processes in the cell? | Exergonic processes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP, ATP transfers energy to endergonic processes by phosphorylating other molecules | 74 | |
| 1057827135 | Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering | Energy Barriers | 75 | |
| 1057827136 | Activation Energy | An energy barrier that must be overcome before a chemical reaction can begin. Energy must be absorbed to contort or weaken bonds in reactant molecules so that they can break and new bonds can form. | 76 | |
| 1057827137 | Enzymes | Molecules that function as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Almost all are proteins, some RNA molecules can function as this. | 77 | |
| 1057827138 | Substrate | The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on | 78 | |
| 1057827139 | Active site | A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme formed by only a few of the enzyme's amino acids. Where the substrate fits into. | 79 | |
| 1057827140 | Induced fit | Contorts substrate bonds or place chemical groups of the amino acids making up the active site in position to catalyze the reaction. | 80 | |
| 1057827141 | Cofactors | Nonprotein helpers required by enzymes which bind to the active site and function in catalysis. INORGANIC | 81 | |
| 1057827142 | Coenzyme | An ORGANIC cofactor | 82 | |
| 1057827143 | Competitive Inhibitor | Reduces enzyme's productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site | 83 | |
| 1057827144 | Noncompetitive Inhibitor | Does not enter the active site. Binds to the enzyme somewhere else, a place called allosteric site. Changes the shape of enzyme so that the active site no longer fits the substrate. | 84 |
