Cell structure and function
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| 466849362 | plasma membrane | selective barrier that allows enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to pass through it to repair the entire cell | 0 | |
| 466849363 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | web of membrane-like sacs and tubes, active in membrane building and other building and metabolic actions | 1 | |
| 466849364 | Rough ER | studded with ribosomes on the outside | 2 | |
| 466849365 | Smooth ER | no ribosomes on the outside | 3 | |
| 466849366 | organelles | parts within a eukaryotic cell surrounded by a membrane | 4 | |
| 466849367 | eukaryotic cell | most DNA is in the nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane | 5 | |
| 466849368 | prokaryotic cell | DNA is in an area of the cell that is not surrounded by a membrane, called the Nucleoid | 6 | |
| 466849369 | eukaryotic means: | "true nucleus" | 7 | |
| 466849370 | prokaryotic means: | "before nucleus" | 8 | |
| 466849371 | cytoplasm | inside of a cell; in eukaryotic cells is the area between the nucleus and plasma membrane | 9 | |
| 466849372 | nucleus | contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cell | 10 | |
| 466849373 | nuclear envelope | double membrane surrounding nucleus, separating inside from cytoplasm | 11 | |
| 466849374 | nucleolus | structure without a membrane involved in making ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli (plural) | 12 | |
| 466849375 | chromatin | material made up of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual shortened chromosomes | 13 | |
| 466849376 | chromosomes | organized units of DNA (genetic info) | 14 | |
| 466849377 | flagellum | moving structure present in some animal cells, made of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane | 15 | |
| 466849378 | microtubules | hollow cylindrical structures in the cytoplasm, shape cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes in dividing cells | 16 | |
| 466849379 | centrosome | area where the cell's mircotubules are set off/out; has a pair of centrioles | 17 | |
| 466849380 | centrioles | made of nine sets of triplet microtubules made into a ring are inside a centrosome | 18 | |
| 466849381 | cytoskeleton | holds cell's shape; works in cell movement; insides made of protein. Includes: microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules | 19 | |
| 466849382 | microfilaments | two twisted strands of actin, each a polymer of actin units | 20 | |
| 466849383 | intermediate filaments | fiberous (many fibers) proteins twisted into thicker cables | 21 | |
| 466849384 | microvilli | tentacle-like parts that stick out from cell that increase cell's surface area | 22 | |
| 466849385 | peroxisome | organelle with different special metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then turns it into water | 23 | |
| 466849386 | metabolic functions | energy producing functions through physical and chemical series of actions in the cell | 24 | |
| 466849387 | mitochondrion | organelle where cellular respiration happens and most ATP is created | 25 | |
| 466849388 | lysosome | digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed | 26 | |
| 466849389 | hydrolysis | breaking up of a polymer into monomers by breaking the bond between monomers by adding a water molecule; the hydrogen from the water attaching to the adjacent monomer | 27 | |
| 466849390 | dehydration reaction | a reaction that covalently bonds (sharing of electrons) two monomers (small molecules) together with the loss of a water molecule | 28 | |
| 466849391 | golgi apparatus | organelle active in building, partially changing, sorting, and secretion ( to release) of cell products | 29 | |
| 466849392 | in animal cells but not plant cells: | lysosomes centrosomes, with centrioles flagella (but in some plant sperm) | 30 | |
| 466849393 | cell wall | outside layer that keeps cell shape and protects cell from friction or scraping; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein | 31 | |
| 466849394 | cellulose | carbohydrate | 32 | |
| 466849395 | plasmodesmata | cytoplasmic channels (tunnels) through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of surrounding cells | 33 | |
| 466849396 | chloroplast | photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules | 34 | |
| 466849397 | central vacuole | large clear sack-like organelle; storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major part that causes plant growth | 35 | |
| 466849398 | in plant cells but not animal cells | chloroplasts central vacuole cell wall plasmodesmata | 36 | |
| 466849399 | nuclear lamina | netlike display of protein thread-like structures that keeps the shape of the nucleus by working to support the nuclear envelope | 37 | |
| 466849400 | vesicles | sacs made of membrane that ship proteins into membranes and organelles | 38 | |
| 466849401 | transport vesicles | vesicles in motion from one part of the cell to another | 39 | |
| 466849402 | vacuoles | large sacs received from the ER and golgi apparatus, selective in moving solutes, the inside is a different solution than the cytosol | 40 | |
| 466849403 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical thing that speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction. most enzymes are proteins | 41 | |
| 466849404 | phagocytosis (faygoh-sightoesis) | protists and other eukaryotes completely ingesting smaller living creatures or food particles | 42 | |
| 466849405 | autophagy (auto-faygee) | lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes (macromolecules) to reuse the cell's own living material (recycling) | 43 | |
| 466849406 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis that comes together with a lysosome and the enzymes of the lysosome digest food | 44 | |
| 466849407 | example of human cells doing phagocytosis | macrophages, a white blood cell that helps protect the body by eating and destroying bacteria and other foreign things in the body | 45 | |
| 466849408 | contracile vacuoles | pumps excess water out of the cell, and keeps a balanced concentration of ions and molecules inside cell, many freshwater protists have this. | 46 | |
| 466849409 | central vacuole | created by the growing together of smaller vacuoles, usually inside mature plant cells and are important in growth of plant cells | 47 | |
| 466849410 | cell respiration | metabolic process that uses oxygen to make ATP by taking energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels | 48 | |
| 466849411 | photosynthesis | changing sun energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the building of living compounds such as sugars FROM CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER | 49 | |
| 466849412 | endosymbiont | a cell living within another cell | 50 | |
| 466849413 | cristae | the twisted and coiled flaps inside the inner membrane of a mitochonrion (which has 2 membranes) | 51 | |
| 466849414 | two compartments of mitochondrion made by inner membrane | 1 intermembrane space, narrow area between the inner and outer membranes 2 mitochondrial matrix | 52 | |
| 466849415 | mitochondrial matrix | inside the inner membrane and has many different ezymes as well as DNA and ribosomes. enzymes here catalyze (speed up) some steps of cell respiration other proteins that work in respiration ( ex. enzyme making ATP) are built inside the inner membrane | 53 | |
| 466849416 | thylakoids | membrane system of flattened connected sacs inside a chloroplast | 54 | |
| 466849417 | granum (plural, grana) | poker chip-like stacks of thylakoids | 55 | |
| 466849418 | stroma | fluid outside thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes | 56 | |
| 466849419 | plastids | family of related plant organelles, chloroplast is one of them | 57 | |
| 466849420 | two types of plastids | 1 AMYLOPLAST, colorless organelle that stores starch (amylose) in roots and tubers 2 CHROMOPLAST, has colors (pigments) that give fruits and flowers orange and yellow colors | 58 | |
| 466849421 | perixisome | special metabolic storage unit that is surrounded by a single membrane, has enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from different substances acted upon by enzymes, and transfer them to oxygen, making hydrogen peroxide as a second product | 59 | |
| 466849422 | cytoskeleton | group of fibers that spread throughout the cytoplasm, organizes the structures and activities of the cell made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate | 60 | |
| 466849423 | cytoskeleton made up of | microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments | 61 | |
| 466849424 | cell motitilty requires interaction between what two things: | cytoskeleton with motor proteins | 62 | |
| 466849425 | motor proteins | attach to protein molecules in surface membranes on fluid-filled cavities and can "walk" the vesicles along microtubules or microfilaments | 63 | |
| 466849426 | microtubules | hollow tubes with wall made up of 13 columns of tubulin molecules (polymers) | 64 | |
| 466849427 | functions of microtubules | keep cell shape with compression-resisting "girders" cell mobility (through cilia or flagella) chromosome movements in cell division organelle movements | 65 | |
| 466849428 | microfilaments | two twisted strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits (partial units) | 66 | |
| 466849429 | functions of microfilaments | keeping cell shape through tension-bearing elements changes in cell shape muscle contraction cytoplasmic streaming cell movement (pseudopodia) cell division (cleavage furrow formation) | 67 | |
| 466849430 | intermediate filaments | fibrous (lots of fibers together) proteins tightly coiled into thicker cables (strands) | 68 | |
| 466849431 | functions of intermed. filaments | keeping cell shape (tension bearing elements) holding down nucleus and other organelles making nuclear lamina | 69 | |
| 466849432 | pseudopodia | cell extensions that move cells along a surface contract by actin and myosin | 70 | |
| 466849433 | actin | molecules that are a sphere-shaped protein builds actin filaments (microfilaments) | 71 | |
| 466849434 | microfilaments | solid rods that are built by actin molecules twisted double chain of actin units seem to be present in all eukaryotic cells | 72 | |
| 466849435 | functions of microfilaments | -make structural webs when certain proteins bind together along the side of an actin filament and -makes a new filament extend out as a branch - bears tension (pulling forces) supports shape of cell | 73 | |
| 466849436 | cortex | outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell that is given a gel-like firmness because of web of microfilaments | 74 | |
| 466849437 | myosin | protein that makes thick filaments (rods) that surround thousands of parallel actin filaments along a muscle cell | 75 | |
| 466849438 | dyneins | large motor proteins made of several polypeptides-(chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds) responsible for bending movements of cilium or flagellum | 76 | |
| 466849439 | basal body | eukaryotic cell structure made of a "9+0" (nine triplets made into a ring, no central microtubules) arrangement of microtubule triplets. organize the microtubule order of a cilium or flagellum very similar to centriole structure | 77 | |
| 466849440 | cytoplasmic streaming | circular flow of cytoplasm within cells (common in large plant cells) speeds the sorting of materials within the cell | 78 | |
| 466849441 | primary cell wall | thin and flexible wall created by young plant cells | 79 | |
| 466849442 | pectin | thickening agents, sticky polysaccharides (are used to thicken jams and jellies) | 80 | |
| 466849443 | middle lamella | thin layer rich in pectins between the main walls of neighboring cells that glues them together | 81 | |
| 466849444 | secondary cell wall | several set layers has a strong and durable matrix that protects and supports the cell located between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall -this is produced when cells mature and stop growing | 82 | |
| 466849445 | extracellular matrix (ECM) | made of glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules released by cells | 83 | |
| 466849446 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently (shared electron) bonded carbohydrate, usually short chains of sugars | 84 | |
| 466849447 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in ECM of most animal cells forms strong fibers(threads) outside othe cells | 85 | |
| 466849448 | proteoglycans | web released by cells that holds collagen fibers in it | 86 | |
| 466849449 | fibronectin | ECM glycoproteins that attaches some cells to the ECM | 87 | |
| 466849450 | integrins | cell surface binding proteins that bind to firbonectin and other ECM proteins built into plasma membrane | 88 |
