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| 972979910 | How are membranes adjusted for different temperatures? How do the relative amounts of saturated and unsaturated fats change? | membrane fluidity is adjusted by changing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids | |
| 972979911 | What is meant by membrane fluidity? Why is this an important property? | not too solid, not too fluid and it is important because it preserves membrane function | |
| 972979912 | What types of molecules can move easily across the membrane? | -Small, non-polar -Gas -Steriod hormones -water | |
| 972979913 | When equilibrium is reached in diffusion : Does movement of molecules stop? Does net movement of molecules stop? | - the movement does not stop, however the net movement does stop | |
| 972979914 | Tonicity and aquatic organisms: In lecture we presented examples of aquatic animals from freshwater and seawater: Bony fish, sharks and invertebrates. How do they compare to their environments? | bony: hypotonic sharks: hypertonic invertebrates: isotonic | |
| 972979915 | What has more solution, looses H2O, and shrivels? | hypertonic | |
| 972979916 | What has less solution, gains H2O, and bursts? | hypotonic | |
| 972979917 | What has the same amount of solution and stays normal? | isotonic | |
| 972979918 | In which direction does water flow? | high concentration to low concentration | |
| 972979919 | What is the diffusion of water? | osmosis | |
| 972979920 | How do enzymes work? | -position the reactants in a conformation more favorable for the chemical reaction to occur | |
| 972979921 | How are substrates lured into the active site? | positively charged arginine sidechain lures the negatively charged substrate into the active site | |
| 972979922 | What are the interactions between substrate and the active site? | weak interactions | |
| 972979923 | How do temperature changes affect the rates of reactions catalyzed by enzymes? | -temperature is a measure of how many of molecules will have achieved the activation energy | |
| 972979924 | What is meant by the thermostability of an enzyme? | -able to remain stable and function at high temps | |
| 972979925 | Why is there an upper limit? | -it is entergetically too costly to make bio molecules that breakdown that quickly | |
| 972979926 | Name the coenzymes | -NAD -NADH -NADP -NADPH -FAD -FADH2 | |
| 972979927 | Which coenzymes are used in photosynthesis? | NADP and NADPH | |
| 972979928 | What are the roles of coenzymes in metabolism? | to bind to an enzyme and help speed up reaction | |
| 972979929 | What is a transfer of electrons and hydrogen with the help of a carrier molecule? | redox reaction and reducing power | |
| 972979930 | How does oxidation affect the energy of the molecule which is oxidized? | removal of an electron or hyrdrogen to a molecule (reduces energy) | |
| 972979931 | How does reduction affect the energy of the molecule which is reduced? | addition of electrons or hydrogen to a molecule (adds energy) | |
| 972979932 | What type of inhibition involve the substrate and inhibitor competing for binding to the active site of the enzyme, has the inhibitor structurally similar to the substrate and most apparent at low substrate? | competitve | |
| 972979933 | What type of inhibition involes the inhibitor binding at site away from the substrate binding site, causes a conformation change tin the enzyme and is not overcome by increasing the substrate? | noncompetitve | |
| 972979934 | What is used at the "other site" and has the modulator binds to a site other that the substrate binding site that causes a conformation change of the enzyme which changes the activity? | allosteric regulation | |
| 972979935 | What is the product of a pathway that may be very different from the starting material and therefor inhibits at the "other site"? | feedback | |
| 972979936 | What is the role of inhibition in regulating metabolic pathway? | to control when and where specific enzymes are | |
| 972979937 | What states that within any closed system the total amount of energy remains constant? | 1st law of thermodynamics | |
| 972979938 | What states that all spontaneous processes result in an increase in randomness and disorder in the universe an consweirnlt in a loss of localizrd concentratin of energy? | 2nd law of thermodynamics | |
| 972979939 | How does the 1st and 2nd law relate to biological processes? | 1st: chemical reactions will convert chemical energy in food to kinetic energy 2nd: when you move, you release heat an small molecules that are by-products of metabolism | |
| 972979940 | What type of reaction has energy (heat) released from the reaction and the reactants have higher energy than the products? | exergonic | |
| 972979941 | What type of reaction uses energy (heat) for the reaction and the products have higher energy than the reactants? | endergonic | |
| 972979942 | What is meant by a process that occurs without an overall input of energy? | spontaneous | |
| 972979943 | ΔG-what does the sign of the value denote? | negative g=energy is released, exergonic positive g=energy is used, endergonic | |
| 972979944 | What is the energy required for the favorable positioning of the reactants so that the reaction can occur? | activation energy | |
| 972979945 | What does the height of the activation energy barrier determine? | rate of reaction | |
| 972979946 | What are the energy sources for burst activity? | glucose and glycogen | |
| 972979947 | Why is fat not used in anaerobic energy generation? | fat mobilization requires oxygen | |
| 972979948 | What is the role of Creatine phosphate and arginine phosphate? | recharge ADP back to ATP | |
| 972979949 | What catalyzes transfer of high energy phosphate to generate ATP? | kinase | |
| 972979950 | What compounds are exchanged by catabolic and anabolic reactions? | ATP, ADP, NADH, NAD | |
| 972979951 | What reaction (catabolic/anabolic) produces ATP and reducing power? | catabolic | |
| 972979952 | Is glucose oxidized or reduced? | oxidized | |
| 972979953 | Glucose versus glycogen as the starting material...Which produces more ATP and why? | net production of 3 ATP per glucose monomer from glycogen | |
| 972979954 | What is the role of the coenzyme pool in glycolysis? | to get NAD to NADH to keep glycolysis going | |
| 972979955 | Pryuvate branchpoint channeled to the Krebs cycle... | adequate oxygen | |
| 972979956 | Pryuvate branchpoint to fermentation | inadequate oxygen | |
| 972979957 | What is the product of glycolysis? | 2 pyruvate (3 carbons each) | |
| 972979958 | What is 2 ATP's used to initiate the catabolism of glucose? | energy investment phase | |
| 972979959 | When is 4 ATP produced and 2 NADH produced in glycolysis? | energy payoff phase | |
| 972979960 | What is the net production of glycolysis? | 2 ATP and 2 NADH | |
| 972979961 | Where does the Krebs Cycle take place and what is produced? | mitochondria and CO2 | |
| 972979962 | What does two turns of the Krebs cycle get? | CO2, ATP, and reducing power | |
| 972979963 | What is Oxidative phosphorylation: Electron transport and chemiosmosis a reduction of? | O2 | |
| 972979964 | In Oxidative phosphorylation: Electron transport and chemiosmosis, how do the reducing power produce H2O and ATP? | ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and H2O with oxygen | |
| 972979965 | What is powered by the flow of hydrogen ions back across the inner mitochondrial membrane? | ATP synthesis | |
| 972979966 | What is maintained by the exergonic flow of elections in the electron transport chain? | hydrogen ion gradient | |
| 972979967 | How ATP is produced when there is adequate oxygen available? | Aerobic respiration | |
| 972979968 | Fermentation - what are the end products? | Ethanol and lactate | |
| 972979969 | What is the purpose of fermentation? | regenerate NAD from NADH for glycolysis to continue | |
| 972979970 | Which components are reduced; which are oxidized? Consider the coenzymes, substrates and products. | pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized | |
| 972979971 | What is a direct transfer of the phosphate from organic substrate to ADP by enzyme? | substrate level phosphorylation | |
| 972979972 | What is ATP synthase using the proton gradient from ETC to phosphorylate ADP? | oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 972979973 | Targeting the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway is an example of what? | feedback inhibition | |
| 972979974 | What is used to stimulate glycolysis? | AMP | |
| 972979975 | How is ATP produced with the availability of adequate oxygen? | NAD has to be regenerated | |
| 972979976 | What is the role of the enzyme ATP synthase? | ATP production | |
| 972979977 | What is the role of the proton gradient in ATP production? | move protons down the concentration gradient to produce ATP from ADP | |
| 972979978 | Where is O2 used in respiration? | electron transport chain | |
| 972979979 | Where is CO2 produced in respiration? | Krebs | |
| 972979980 | In what cellular compartment are fats oxidized? | mitochondria | |
| 972979981 | What is used in the calvin benson cycle? | ATP and NADPH | |
| 972979982 | what is produced in the calvin benson cycle? | sugars, amino acids, fatty acids | |
| 972979983 | In the calvin benson cycle, Where do the ATP and NADPH come from? | light-dependent reactions | |
| 972979984 | Light Reactions...What is used? | water | |
| 972979985 | Light Reactions...What is produced? | O2 | |
| 972979986 | What usually occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when the stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increase, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco? | photorespiration | |
| 972979987 | What is a metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output? | photorespiration | |
| 972979988 | What are stomata? What role do they play in: gas diffusion and water loss | pore in leaf cells...allows gas exchange and secretes water | |
| 972979989 | Explain the relationship between cell respiration and photosynthesis? | Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce organic molecules and oxygen and cellular respiration requires organic molecules and oxygen to produce co2 and h2o that is used in photosynthesis | |
| 972979990 | What is an organism that obtains organic molecules without eating other organisms? | autotroph | |
| 972979991 | What is an organism that obtains organic molecules by eating other organisms (humans)? | heterotroph | |
| 972979992 | What absorbs light in the visible spectrum? | chlorophyll a, b, and accessory pigments | |
| 972979993 | Where are chlorophyll a, b, and accessory pigments located? | thylakoid membrane | |
| 972979994 | Where is the light energy used by Photosystem I and Photosystem II? | thylakoid membrane | |
| 972979995 | What is the light energy used by Photosystem I and Photosystem II to drive? | production of ATP and NADPH | |
| 972979996 | What are the production of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis called? | light-dependent reactions | |
| 972979997 | What is split and what is released in light-dependent reactions? | water is split and oxygen is released | |
| 972979998 | What are the reactants of photosynthesis? | 6 CO2 and 12 H20 | |
| 972979999 | Where does the calvin benson cycle take place? | stroma | |
| 972980000 | What is phase 1 of calvin benson cycle? | carbon fixation | |
| 972980001 | What is phase 2 of calvin benson cycle? | reduction | |
| 972980002 | What is phase 3 of calvin benson cycle? | regeneration of CO2 acceptor | |
| 972980003 | In plants, where is ATP synthase located? | Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane | |
| 972980004 | Marine bony fish are hyper- or hypo-tonic to seawater? | hypo | |
| 972980005 | What step in a metabolic pathway is it energetically most desirable to inhibit? | The first enzyme in the pathway | |
| 972980006 | An enzyme from a fish living at 5°C is compared to a fish living at 20°C. At 20°C, which enzyme will catalyze the reaction faster? | The enzyme from the fish living at 5°C | |
| 972980007 | Which contains more energy: NADH or FADH2? | nadh | |
| 972980008 | Which contains more energy: Glucose or pyruvate? | glucose | |
| 972980009 | O2 is used by | oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 972980010 | O2 is produced by | light reactions | |
| 972980011 | water is split in | light reactions | |
| 972980012 | water is formed in | oxidative phosphorylation | |
| 972980013 | How much solution is outside the cell in a Hypotonic solution? | .2% conentrated Water moves inside | |
| 972980014 | How much solution is outside the cell in a hypertonic solution? | .5% diluted Water moves outside | |
| 972980015 | How much solution is outside the cell in a isotonic solution? | .9% equal in and out movement | |
| 972980016 | What happens to a Plant cell? | Hypotonic:normal Hypertonic:plasmolyzed Isotonic:no change | |
| 972980017 | What happens in a red blood cell? | Hypotonic:explodes Hypertonic:shrievels Isotonic:no change | |
| 972980018 | What is Plasmolysis? | Cell membrane remains the same | |
| 972980019 | What is active transport? | moves solutes from low to high conc. ATP required | |
| 972980020 | Sodium Potassium Pump | Na+(out) K+(in) | |
| 972980021 | What is endocytosis? | movement of materials into a cell requires ATP | |
| 972980022 | Phagocytosis | cell eating | |
| 972980023 | Pinocytosis | cell drinking | |
| 972980024 | Receptor | mediated endocytosis | |
| 972980025 | What is exocytosis? | movement of materials out of the cell require ATP | |
| 972980026 | What is metabolism? | organisms chemical reaction | |
| 972980027 | Anabolism | building up small molecules+ATP=Large molecules | |
| 972980028 | Catabolism | breaking up large molecules=small molecules+ATP | |
| 972980029 | What are the two metabolic pathways? | catabolic-breaking up-release energy anabolic-building up-absorb energy | |
| 972980030 | What is energy? | ability to do work or bring about change measured in Cal or joules | |
| 972980031 | Kinetic | energy in motion | |
| 972980032 | Potential | energy that matter possesses | |
| 972980033 | light to plant energy is what? | chemical | |
| 972980034 | plants to animal energy is what? | mechanical | |
| 972980035 | when animals move energy is what? | heat | |
| 972980036 | exergonic | ATP is released-spontaneous | |
| 972980037 | endergonic | ATP is absorbed-non spontaneous | |
| 972980038 | What is ATP? | chemical energy-potential energy | |
| 972980039 | components of ATP | triphosphate adenine ribose | |
| 972980040 | What is a catalyst? | speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | |
| 972980041 | Cofactor | non protein part of enzyme | |
| 972980042 | apoenzyme | protein part of enzyme | |
| 972980043 | organic cofactors of an enzyme | vitamins, coenzymes | |
| 972980044 | substrate binds to what? | active site | |
| 972980045 | how do enzymes speed up a chemical reaction? | lowers the activation energy | |
| 972980046 | What is activation energy? | initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction | |
| 972980047 | enzyme changes shape in what? | induce fit model | |
| 972980048 | substrate level | organic molecule eukaryotes:mitochondria/cytoplasm prokaryotes:cytoplasm/cell membrane | |
| 972980049 | oxidative level | inorganic E:mitochondria Pro:cell membrane | |
| 972980050 | photophosrylation | inorganic E:chlorplast Pro:Cell membrane | |
| 972980051 | 3 stages of cellular respiration | gylcolysis citric acid/Krebbs cycle ETS | |
| 972980052 | What is gylcolysis/EMP | break down of glucose | |
| 972980053 | where does EMP take place | cytoplasm | |
| 972980054 | What is the other name for the citric cycle? | Krebbs cycle | |
| 972980055 | Krebbs occurs in which cell? | eukaryotic | |
| 972980056 | What is the ETS? | electron transport system | |
| 972980057 | What is the final electron acceptor? | oxygen | |
| 972980058 | how is ATP formed? | H+ goes inside the ATPase | |
| 972980059 | What is chemiosmosis? | protons moving from high to low conc | |
| 972980060 | Does fermentation require oxygen? | No | |
| 972980061 | Importance of fermentation | regenerates NAD produces ATP | |
| 972980062 | Anerobic respirtation | no oxygen required inorganic compounds like nitrate and sulfate are final electron acceptors | |
| 972980063 | what enzyme regulates cellular respiration? | PFK | |
| 972980064 | Activator enzyme | AMP-low to high | |
| 972980065 | inhibitor enzyme | ATP-high to low | |
| 972980066 | Chlorophyll | green pigment in plants | |
| 972980067 | What are the pigments in the chloroplasts? | carotenoids and chloryphyll a&b | |
| 972980068 | Why are chloroplast colored green? | light strikes the chorophyll and the color green is refelcted and transmitted | |
| 972980069 | linear photophosrylation | produces ATP | |
| 972980070 | Is there hydrolysis of H2O and release of oxygen in cylic cycle photophosrylation? | No | |
| 972980071 | Is ATP generated in cyclic photophosrylation? | Yes | |
| 972980072 | Where does the calvin cycle take place? | Stoma of the chloroplast | |
| 972980073 | What does the calvin cycle produce? | CO2 | |
| 972980074 | Three steps of the calvin cycle | Fixation of CO2 reduction of C02 regeneration of CO2 | |
| 972980075 | What is transpiration? | evaporation of H2O from plants in the leaves through open stoma | |
| 972980076 | Why is photorespiration a wasteful process? | consumes 02 producing CO2 ATP is not produced produces no sugar | |
| 972980077 | Pathways for photosynthesis | C3 C4 CAM |
