Biology Concepts and Connections 7e - Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Vocabulary
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| 695073615 | cell division | The reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of the cytoplasm. | 0 | |
| 695073616 | chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. It consists of one very long piece of chromatin. | 1 | |
| 695073617 | asexual reproduction | The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg. | 2 | |
| 695073618 | sexual reproduction | The creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote. | 3 | |
| 695073619 | binary fission | A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two genetically identical individuals of about equal size. | 4 | |
| 695073620 | chromatin | The combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes. | 5 | |
| 695073621 | sister chromatids | Two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell. Prior to mitosis, these remain attached to each other at the centromere. | 6 | |
| 695073622 | centromere | The region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. | 7 | |
| 695073623 | cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells. | 8 | |
| 695073624 | interprhase | The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. It constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle. | 9 | |
| 695073625 | mitotic phase (M phase) | The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides, its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides, producing two other cells. | 10 | |
| 695073626 | mitosis | The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei. This division and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. | 11 | |
| 695073627 | cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells. This division and mitosis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. | 12 | |
| 695073628 | prophase | The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromatin condenses to form structures visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still intact. | 13 | |
| 695073629 | prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubuls attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids. | 14 | |
| 695073630 | metaphase | The third stage of mitosis, during which all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle. | 15 | |
| 695073631 | anaphase | The fourth stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of two poles of the cell. | 16 | |
| 695073632 | telophase | The fourth stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis. | 17 | |
| 695073633 | mitotic spindle | A football-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. | 18 | |
| 695073634 | centrosome | Material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules. | 19 | |
| 695073635 | cleavage furrow | The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | 20 | |
| 695073636 | cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | 21 | |
| 695073637 | growth factor | a protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide. | 22 | |
| 695073638 | density-dependent inhibition | The ceasing of cell division that occurs when cells touch one another. | 23 | |
| 695073639 | anchorage dependence | The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface. | 24 | |
| 695073640 | cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle. | 25 | |
| 695073641 | tumor | An abnormal mass of rapidly growing cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue. | 26 | |
| 696862390 | benign tumor | An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body. | 27 | |
| 696862391 | malignant tumor | An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor. | 28 | |
| 696862392 | metastasis | The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site. | 29 | |
| 696862393 | carcinomas | Cancer that originates in the coverings of the body, such as skin or the lining of the intestinal tract. | 30 | |
| 696862394 | sarcomas | Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle. | 31 | |
| 696862395 | leukemias | A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow calls that produce leukocytes. | 32 | |
| 696862396 | lymphomas | Cancer of the tissues that form white blood cells. | 33 | |
| 696862397 | somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg. | 34 | |
| 696862398 | homologous chromosomes | The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. They are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and posses genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. | 35 | |
| 696862399 | locus | The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci. | 36 | |
| 696862400 | sex chromosomes | A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female. | 37 | |
| 696862401 | autosomes | A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals for example, any chromosome other than X or Y. | 38 | |
| 696862402 | life cycle | The entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next. | 39 | |
| 696862403 | diploid | In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell. | 40 | |
| 696862404 | gametes | A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of these two of oppsoite sex produces a zygote. | 41 | |
| 696862405 | haploid | In the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an n cell. | 42 | |
| 696862406 | fertilization | The union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote. | 43 | |
| 696862407 | zygote | The diploid fertilized egg, which results from union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus. | 44 | |
| 696862408 | meiosis | In a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughter nuclei. Meiosis and cytokineses produce haploid gametes from diploid cells in the reproductive organs of the parents. | 45 | |
| 696862409 | tetrads | A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. These form during prophase I of meiosis, when crossing over may occur. | 46 | |
| 696862410 | crossing over | The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during the synapsis in prophase I of meiosis; also the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes. | 47 | |
| 696862411 | chiasma | The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. | 48 | |
| 696862412 | genetic recombination | The producton, by crossing over and/or independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, of offspring with allele combinations different from those in the parents. | 49 | |
| 696862413 | karyotypes | A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere positionn. These may be used to identify certain chromosomal abnormalities. | 50 | |
| 696862414 | trisomy 21 | Down syndrome. | 51 | |
| 696862415 | Down syndrome | A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by hear and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation. | 52 | |
| 696862416 | nondisjunction | An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase. | 53 | |
| 696862417 | deletion | The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome. | 54 | |
| 696862418 | duplication | Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis. | 55 | |
| 696862419 | translocation | The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. | 56 |
