biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
Links to individual sets:
http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
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| 2297889952 | ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment | 0 | |
| 2297889953 | biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere | 1 | |
| 2297889954 | species | group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring | 2 | |
| 2297889955 | population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area | 3 | |
| 2297889956 | community | assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area | 4 | |
| 2297889957 | ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment | 5 | |
| 2297889958 | biome | group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities | 6 | |
| 2297889959 | autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer | 7 | |
| 2297889960 | producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph | 8 | |
| 2297889961 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 9 | |
| 2297889962 | chemosythesis | process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates | 10 | |
| 2297889963 | heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer | 11 | |
| 2297889964 | consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph | 12 | |
| 2297889965 | herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants | 13 | |
| 2297889966 | carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals | 14 | |
| 2297889967 | omnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals | 15 | |
| 2297889968 | detritivore | organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter | 16 | |
| 2297889969 | decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter | 17 | |
| 2297889970 | food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | 18 | |
| 2297889971 | food web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem | 19 | |
| 2297889972 | trophic level | step in a food chain or food web | 20 | |
| 2297889973 | ecological pyramid | diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | 21 | |
| 2297889974 | biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level | 22 | |
| 2297889975 | biogeochemical cycle | process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another | 23 | |
| 2297889976 | evaporation | process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas | 24 | |
| 2297889977 | transpiration | loss of water from a plant through its leaves | 25 | |
| 2297889978 | nutrient | chemical substance that an organism requires to live | 26 | |
| 2297889979 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 27 | |
| 2297889980 | denitrification | conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas | 28 | |
| 2297889981 | primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem | 29 | |
| 2297889982 | limiting nutrient | single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem | 30 | |
| 2297889983 | algal bloom | an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient | 31 | |
| 2297889984 | phytoplankton | population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton | 32 | |
| 2297889985 | food vacuole | small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food | 33 | |
| 2297889986 | cilium | short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells | 34 | |
| 2297889987 | contractile vacuole | Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell | 35 | |
| 2297889988 | prokaryote | unicellular organism lacking a nucleus | 36 | |
| 2297889989 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 37 | |
| 2297889990 | virus | a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells | 38 | |
| 2297889991 | bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria | 39 | |
| 2297889992 | retrovirus | virus that contains RNA as its genetic information | 40 | |
| 2297889993 | gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 41 | |
| 2297889994 | relative frequency | number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur | 42 | |
| 2297889995 | single-gene trait | trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles | 43 | |
| 2297889996 | polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes | 44 | |
| 2297889997 | directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve | 45 | |
| 2297889998 | stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | 46 | |
| 2297889999 | disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle | 47 | |
| 2297890000 | genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations | 48 | |
| 2297890001 | founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | 49 | |
| 2297890002 | Hardy-Weinberg principle | principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change | 50 | |
| 2297890003 | genetic equilibrium | situation in which allele frequencies remain constant | 51 | |
| 2297890004 | evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | 52 | |
| 2297890005 | theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations | 53 | |
| 2297890006 | fossil | preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism | 54 | |
| 2297890007 | artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation | 55 | |
| 2297890008 | struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life | 56 | |
| 2297890009 | fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment | 57 | |
| 2297890010 | adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival | 58 | |
| 2297890011 | survival of the fittest | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection | 59 | |
| 2297890012 | natural selection | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | 60 | |
| 2297890013 | descent with modification | principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time | 61 | |
| 2297890014 | common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors | 62 | |
| 2297890015 | homologous structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues | 63 | |
| 2297890016 | vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism | 64 | |
| 2297890017 | transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | 65 | |
| 2297890018 | bacteriophage | kind of virus that infects bacteria | 66 | |
| 2297890019 | nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) | 67 | |
| 2297890020 | base pairing | Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine | 68 | |
| 2297890021 | chromatin | long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes | 69 | |
| 2297890022 | histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | 70 | |
| 2297890023 | replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division | 71 | |
| 2297890024 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication | 72 | |
| 2297890025 | gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | 73 | |
| 2297890026 | mRNA (messenger RNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell | 74 | |
| 2297890027 | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes | 75 | |
| 2297890028 | tRNA (transfer RNA) | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis | 76 | |
| 2297890029 | transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA | 77 | |
| 2297890030 | RNA polymerase | enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | 78 | |
| 2297890031 | promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA | 79 | |
| 2297890032 | intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein | 80 | |
| 2297890033 | exon | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | 81 | |
| 2297890034 | codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | 82 | |
| 2297890035 | translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | 83 | |
| 2297890036 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 84 | |
| 2297890037 | mutation | a change or alteration in form or qualities | 85 | |
| 2297890038 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 86 | |
| 2297890039 | polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 87 | |
| 2297890040 | sex-linked genes | genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male | 88 | |
| 2297890041 | nondisjunction | occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate | 89 | |
| 2297890042 | homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent | 90 | |
| 2297890043 | diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes | 91 | |
| 2297890044 | haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | 92 | |
| 2297890045 | meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | 93 | |
| 2297890046 | tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis | 94 | |
| 2297890047 | crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 95 | |
| 2297890048 | cell division | process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | 96 | |
| 2297890049 | mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides | 97 | |
| 2297890050 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 98 | |
| 2297890051 | chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome | 99 | |
| 2297890052 | centromere | area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached | 100 | |
| 2297890053 | interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions | 101 | |
| 2297890054 | cell cycle | series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide | 102 | |
| 2297890055 | prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus | 103 | |
| 2297890056 | centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope | 104 | |
| 2297890057 | spindle | fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis | 105 | |
| 2297890058 | metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | 106 | |
| 2297890059 | anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles | 107 | |
| 2297890060 | telophase | fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material | 108 | |
| 2297890061 | cyclin | one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells | 109 | |
| 2297890062 | cancer | disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth | 110 | |
| 2297890063 | homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent | 111 | |
| 2297890064 | diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes | 112 | |
| 2297890065 | haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | 113 | |
| 2297890066 | meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | 114 | |
| 2297890067 | tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis | 115 | |
| 2297890068 | crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 116 |
