Notecards based off of Mrs. Kerr's Biology final exam study guide
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| 1462135926 | 3 Components of a DNA Nucleotide | 1: a phosphate group 2: deoxyribose, 5-carbon sugar 3: nitrogenous base | 0 | |
| 1462135927 | Type of Sugar in DNA | 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) | 1 | |
| 1462135928 | Purines | Adenine & Guanine are _____, have two rings | 2 | |
| 1462135929 | Pyrimidines | Thymine & Cytosine are _____, have only one ring | 3 | |
| 1462135930 | Thymine | Adenine always bonds with _____ (part of Chargaff's Rules); Pyrimidine | 4 | |
| 1462135931 | Cytosine | Guanine always bonds with _____ (part of Chargaff's Rules); Pyrimidine | 5 | |
| 1462135932 | Guanine | Cytosine always bonds with _____ (part of Chargaff's Rules); Purine | 6 | |
| 1462135933 | Adenine | Thymine always bonds with ______ (part of Cargaff's Rules): Purine | 7 | |
| 1462135934 | Chargaff's Rule | % Adenine = % Thymine; % Guanine = % Cytosine; also known as BASE PAIRING | 8 | |
| 1462135935 | Franklin | Pictures taken with X-Ray diffraction to get information about the structure of the DNA molecule | 9 | |
| 1462135936 | Watson and Crick | were shown Franklin's bicture and eventually made the breakthrough with the DNA model in a double helix | 10 | |
| 1462135937 | Steps leading to the development of the double-helix model of DNA | 1: Franklin's X-ray diffraction 2: Chargaff's rule of Base Pairing 3: How the two strands of DNA are held together (hydrogen bonds) 4: DNA's role as a carrier of genetic information | 11 | |
| 1462135938 | 5' side of DNA strand | Side with the phosphate group sticking out | 12 | |
| 1462135939 | 3' side of DNA strand | Side that does not have the phosphate group sticking out | 13 | |
| 1462135940 | Base Pairing | Chargaff's rule, Adenine bonds to Thymine, Guanine bonds to Cytosine | 14 | |
| 1462135941 | Nucleotide | Monomer of the polymer Nucleic Acid, consisting of a 1: 5 carbon sugar, 2: phosphate group, 3: nitrogenous base | 15 | |
| 1462135942 | Role of helicase in DNA replication | "unzips" the DNA molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwinding the 2 strands | 16 | |
| 1462135943 | Role of polymerase in DNA replication | Joins individual nucleotides to original strand and proofreads each new DNA strand | 17 | |
| 1462135944 | Summarize the events of DNA replication | DNA is unzipped, new base pairs are added, there are added in a 3' to 5' direction, at multiple points all over the DNA molecule | 18 | |
| 1462135945 | Replication | DNA is replicated with DNA polymerase and DNA | 19 | |
| 1462135946 | Enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing | 20 | |
| 1462135947 | DNA polymerase | principle enzyme in DNA replication, produces sugar-phosphate bonds to join nucleotides, "proofreads" new DNA strand, Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule | 21 | |
| 1462135948 | Telomere | DNA at the tips of chromosomes | 22 | |
| 1462155199 | Contrasts of DNA and RNA | DNA: contains thymine, doesn't leave nucleus, generally double stranded, sugar is deoxyribose, provides information for RNA RNA: contains uracil, leaves the nucleus, generally single stranded, sugar is ribose, provides information to proteins | 23 | |
| 1462155200 | Process of transcription | SEGMENTS of DNA serve as a template to make RNA, started by a promoter | 24 | |
| 1462155201 | RNA | Ribo-nucleic acid, codes for proteins, made through transcriptions | 25 | |
| 1462155202 | Messenger RNA | Carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins, carry informations from DNA to other parts of the cell; mRNA | 26 | |
| 1462155203 | ribosomal RNA | Ribosome partially made up of a segment of RNA, rRNA | 27 | |
| 1462155204 | transfer RNA | When a protein is built the tRNA molecule transfers the correct amino acid to the ribosome | 28 | |
| 1462155205 | transcription | The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA | 29 | |
| 1462155206 | RNA polymerase | Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | 30 | |
| 1462155207 | Promoter | region of DNA with a specific base sequence, signals where transcription starts | 31 | |
| 1462155208 | Process of translation | RNA polymerase, binds to DNA to separate DNA strands, one strand of DNA is a template and assembles nucleotides into complementary strands of DNA | 32 | |
| 1462155209 | Role of tRNA in translation | tRNA molecules deliver exactly the right amino acid called for by each codon on the mRNA; anti-codons | 33 | |
| 1462155210 | Role of mRNA in translation | mRNAs are converted into protein through translation. The codons of an mRNA are "read" sequentially; and, in response to each codon, the appropriate amino acid is assembled into a growing chain | 34 | |
| 1462155211 | "Central dogma" of molecular biology | the rule that information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein | 35 | |
| 1462155212 | Polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 36 | |
| 1462155213 | Codon | A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid | 37 | |
| 1462155214 | Translation | mRNA is translated into protein through anti-codons, tRNA, in sequences of three for a single amino-acid | 38 | |
| 1462155215 | Anticodon | A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis. | 39 | |
| 1462155216 | Types of point mutations | substitution | 40 | |
| 1462155217 | Types of frameshift mutations | insertion and deletion | 41 | |
| 1462155218 | Substitution | a nucleotide is replaced in a sequence | 42 | |
| 1462155219 | Insertion | a nucleotide is added to a sequence | 43 | |
| 1462155220 | Deletion | a nucleotide is removed from a sequence | 44 | |
| 1462155221 | Types of gene mutations | point mutations (substitution) and frameshift mutations (insertion and deletion); Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis | 45 | |
| 1462155222 | Types of chromosomal mutations | Entire chromosome (nondisjunction, ex: Down Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome) | 46 | |
| 1462155223 | Nondisjunction | Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. | 47 | |
| 1462155224 | Describe the causes of mutations | Mutagens, stressful environmental situations, natural and artificial events, errors in genetics | 48 | |
| 1462155225 | Describe the effects mutations can have on organisms | Can result in mutations, such as nondisjunction, gene mutations, and chromosomal mutations | 49 | |
| 1462155226 | Mutation | any event that changes genetic structure | 50 | |
| 1462155227 | Point mutation | Gene mutation involving changes in one gene, ex substitution | 51 | |
| 1462155228 | Frameshift mutation | Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 52 | |
| 1462155229 | Mutagen | A change in the number or structure of chromosomes | 53 | |
| 1462155230 | Polyploidy | A condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes | 54 | |
| 1462155231 | Purpose of a karyotype? | (chromosomes map) Is used for cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes. (see any chromosomal mutations/ problems) | 55 | |
| 1462155232 | Karyotypes | images of an individuals 46 chromosomes lined up in homologous pairs | 56 | |
| 1462155233 | Sex chromosome | Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, 23rd pair generally | 57 | |
| 1462155234 | Autosome | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome | 58 | |
| 1462155235 | Purpose and procedure for: DNA extraction | karyotyping and other observation of DNA 1: break open cells (ex: smashing strawberries) 2: dissolve cell and nuclear membranes (ex: add lysis to mashed strawberries) 3: break down protein (add protease) 4: Separate components of the cell (ex: filter through cheesecloth) 5: Precipitate DNA from solution (adding ethanol to filtered extract) | 59 | |
| 1462155236 | Purpose and procedure for: selective breeding (including hybridization and inbreeding) | used by humans to take advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation to pass wanted traits onto the next generation of organisms, ex through hybridization to cross desired traits or inbreeding to retain desired traits | 60 | |
| 1462155237 | Hybridization | Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms | 61 | |
| 1462155238 | Inbreeding | Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms | 62 | |
| 1462155239 | Purpose and procedure for: restriction enzymes | used for recombiant DNA -> gene therapy & gel electrophoresis and DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzyme is added (ex: DNA ligase) | 63 | |
| 1462155240 | Purpose and procedure for: gel electrophoresis | Often in crime suspects and comparing DNA; 1: cut DNA sample with restriction enzyme 2: load DNA into wells using micropipete 3: hook gel up to electricity 4: DNA is negative, so DNA moves to positive end 5: smaller DNA fragments move faster and further | 64 | |
| 1462155241 | Purpose and procedure for: DNA fingerprinting | uses gel electrophoresis with restriction enzyme; The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. (DNA is negatively charged and the smallest ones move the furthest to the positive end while the largest pieces remain closest to the negative end) 1: uses section of DNA that varies widely from person to person 2: run gel electrophoresis to look for matches | 65 | |
| 1462155242 | Purpose and procedure for: recombiant DNA (including transgenic organisms, genetic modified organisms (GMOs), and gene therapy) | DNA patched together from different organisms to produce a certain trait; uses restriction enzymes to add specific traits to the DNA of another organism | 66 | |
| 1462155243 | Transgenic organisms | organism that contains genes from other organisms often using restriction enzymes | 67 | |
| 1462155244 | Genetic modified organisms (GMOs) | organism whose genetic code has been altered by artificial means such as interspecies gene transfer; genetic engineering | 68 | |
| 1462155245 | Gene therapy | The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder | 69 | |
| 1462155246 | Purpose and procedure for: cloning | 1: an egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep and a donor cell is taken from another 2: the two cells (donor nucleus & egg cell) are fused using an electric shock 3: The fused cell begins dividing normally 4: The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother 5: the embryo develops into a fully grown sheep Purpose: to create a genetically identical organism | 70 | |
| 1462155247 | Purpose and procedure for: polymerase chain reaction | to make many copies of DNA 1: add DNA, primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase to thermocycler 2: Heat DNA up -> separates strands 3: Cool down, DNA want to pair (hydrogen bond) but primers crowd it and bind to the DNA 4: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides 5: cycle repeats | 71 | |
| 1462155248 | Structure of a Virus | All viruses have 2 basic parts: a protein coat that protects the virus and an inner core(where there is Genetic Material). The proteins on a virus are what allows them to get inside the cell after matching with the membrane proteins on the cells membrane envelope. | 72 | |
| 1462155249 | How do viruses cause infection (lysogenic and lytic infection) | They infect the host cell with their genetic information, prophage, which either immediately recreate in the cell and make it burst from copies of itself (lytic) or may replicate for many generations within the cell and later turn to a lytic infection (lysogenic) | 73 | |
| 1462155250 | Compare and contrast a virus and a cell | Virus: smaller, non-living, DNA or RNA, electron microscope, require host cell to reproduce, DNA or RNA in capsid, likely evolved first, parasites Cell: bigger, living, can be seen using a compound light microscope, can grow and develop, can independently obtain and use energy, can reproduce independently, cytoplasm, DNA, organelles Both: can respond to environmental stimuli, cell membrane | 74 | |
| 1462155251 | Pathogen | A disease causing agent | 75 | |
| 1462155252 | Virus | A NON-LIVING particle made of nucleic acid, proteins, and sometimes lipids | 76 | |
| 1462155253 | Capsid | Outer protein coat of a virus | 77 | |
| 1462155254 | Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria | 78 | |
| 1462155255 | Lytic infection | Process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst | 79 | |
| 1462155256 | Lysogenic infection | process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA, eventually changes to a lytic infection | 80 | |
| 1462155257 | Prophage | A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. | 81 | |
| 1462155258 | Compare and Contrast the two domains of prokaryotes | Bacteria: larger of two domains, live almost everywhere, surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall, some have flagella Archea: smaller of two domains, lack peptidoglycan, more like eukaryotes than like bacteria, live in harsh environments Both: equally small, lack nuclei, have cell walls, prokaryotes, unicellular | 82 | |
| 1462155259 | Structure of a bacterium | Have NO NUCLEUS, but do HAVE a Cell Wall (in some it is more like a CAPSULE) Some have a flagellum, which enable them to move. | 83 | |
| 1462155260 | Flagella | A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated. | 84 | |
| 1462155261 | Pili | Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA | 85 | |
| 1462155262 | Plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome | 86 | |
| 1462155263 | Coccus | circular | 87 | |
| 1462155264 | Bacillus | dashed, rod shaped | 88 | |
| 1462155265 | Spirillus | wavy, spiral | 89 | |
| 1462155266 | Diplo- | twos | 90 | |
| 1462155267 | Staphyl- | clumps/clusters | 91 | |
| 1462155268 | Strepto- | linear | 92 | |
| 1462214387 | What are the two methods of bacterial reproduction? | binary fission and conjugation | 93 | |
| 1462214388 | Binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | 94 | |
| 1462214389 | Conjugation | In bacteria, a temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer. | 95 | |
| 1462214390 | Describe the nutritional needs (energy capture) of bacteria: hetero- | Takes in organic molecules | 96 | |
| 1462214391 | Describe the nutritional needs (energy capture) of bacteria: auto- | Take in energy by personal means (light energy or chemical reactions) | 97 | |
| 1462214392 | Describe the nutritional needs (energy capture) of bacteria: photo- | Light energy | 98 | |
| 1462214393 | Describe the nutritional needs (energy capture) of bacteria: chemo- | Chemical reactions | 99 | |
| 1462214394 | Describe the atmospheric conditions necessary for bacterial growth: obligate aerobes | Releases energy through cellular respiration, often near water or in lungs b/c it REQUIRES AIR | 100 | |
| 1462214395 | Describe the atmospheric conditions necessary for bacterial growth: obligate anaerobes | Releases energy through fermentation, often in deep soil, animal intestines, and airtight containers b/c it REQUIRES AIR TO BE NOT PRESENT | 101 | |
| 1462214396 | Describe the atmospheric conditions necessary for bacterial growth: facultative anaerobes | lives almost anywhere b/c IT DOES NOT REQUIRE AIR AND DOES NOT REQUIRE NO AIR | 102 | |
| 1462214397 | List ways that prokaryotes are important | 1: decomposers 2: producers 3: nitrogen fixers 4: remove wastes an poisons from the air 5: yogurt 6: synthesise drugs | 103 | |
| 1462214398 | Explain the cause, prevention, and treatment of bacterial diseases | infection, messes with cellular processes; sterilization, physical removal, hygiene; vaccines, antibiotics | 104 | |
| 1462214399 | Explain the cause, prevention, and treatment of viral diseases | infection, messes with cellular processes; vaccines; antivirals -> speed recovery and prolong life | 105 | |
| 1462214401 | Vaccine | A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen | 106 | |
| 1462214402 | Antibiotics | Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria | 107 | |
| 1462214403 | What are the three patterns of biodiversity noted by Charles Darwin? | Species vary globally: different yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar habitats around the globe (ex: rabbits and kangaroos) Species vary locally: different, yet related, animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area (ex birds varying slightly from island to island) Species vary over time: some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species (ex. glyptodon fossils resembled modern armadillos) | 108 | |
| 1462214404 | Evolution | Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. | 109 | |
| 1462214405 | Fossil | A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past. | 110 | |
| 1462214406 | Hutton | Earth: was extremely old (deep time) and was transformed by slow change | 111 | |
| 1462214407 | Lyell | Uniformitarianism: laws of nature are constant over time, scientists must explain past-events in terms of process they can observe in the present | 112 | |
| 1462214408 | Malthus | If human population grew and there was not enough living space and food for everyone (carrying capacity) then only the most fit to survive would live and reproduce | 113 | |
| 1462214409 | Lamark's theory of evolution (and compare it to Darwin's theory) | organisms can change during their lifetime by selectively using (or not using) body parts and then pass along these changes to their offspring; this explained evolution through natural processes and suggested that species were not fixed (they could change) | 114 | |
| 1462214410 | Artificial selection | Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms | 115 | |
| 1462214411 | Explain Darwin's proposed mechanism of evolution: natural selection (and it's three points) | 1: struggle for existence: more organisms are born than can survive so there's competition and some must die 2: Variation and adaptation: individual organisms have natural variations among their heritable traits, adaptations are variations that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment 3: Survival of the fittest: fitness: how well an organism can survive and REPRODUCE | 116 | |
| 1462214412 | Struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life | 117 | |
| 1462214413 | Variation & adaptation | Variation: any range of variation among organisms Adaptation: anything about an organism that aids in their survival (best adaptations survive better) | 118 | |
| 1462214414 | Survival of the fittest | Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection | 119 | |
| 1462214415 | Adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce | 120 | |
| 1462214416 | Fitness | Ability of an organism to survive and REPRODUCE in its environment | 121 | |
| 1462214417 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: geologic distribution of species | Distantly related but Similar, and Closely related but different | 122 | |
| 1462214418 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: closely related but different species | Shows local variation, a recent common ancestor ex: Galapagos Island Species | 123 | |
| 1462214419 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: distantly related but similar species | similar habitats have similar natural selection pressures, no recent common ancestor ex: armadillo, anteater, Dangolin, spiny anteater (corners of the globe) | 124 | |
| 1462214420 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: the age of the earth and the fossil record | Radioactive dating shows that the world is 4.5 billion years old and fossils trace evolution of modern species from extinct ancestors | 125 | |
| 1462214421 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: anatomy and embryology | anatomy: through various types of structures (analogous, homologous, and vestigial (see individual cards for each) embryology: similar patterns of development in the embryo (embryological development) | 126 | |
| 1462214422 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: homologous structures | inherited from a RECENT (biologically speaking) common ancestor, show common ancestor, closely related but dissimilar | 127 | |
| 1462214423 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: analogous structures | Shows environments favor, look similar, have common function, distantly related but similar, no evolutionary relationship, not a common structure | 128 | |
| 1462214424 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: vestigial structures | inherited from ancestors but lost much (or all) of their original function, different selection pressures | 129 | |
| 1462214425 | Explain the following evidence of evolution: molecular evidence (DNA) | 1: all living organisms use DNA->RNA-> protein 2: homologous molecules: DNA sequences so similar they must have derived from same ancestral gene or protein | 130 | |
| 1462214426 | Biogeography | study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past | 131 | |
| 1462214427 | Homologous structure | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. (ex:human, dog, bird, whale) | 132 | |
| 1462214428 | Analogous structure | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function (ex: shark, porpoise, ichthyosaur) | 133 | |
| 1462214429 | Vestigial structure | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species. | 134 | |
| 1462214430 | Characteristics that all animals share | Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms who lack cell walls, members of the kingdom Animalia | 135 | |
| 1462214431 | Dorsal | top side of the body, think dorsal fin, the back on some animals | 136 | |
| 1462214432 | Ventral | the underside of the body, the stomach on some animals | 137 | |
| 1462214433 | Anterior | the front of the body | 138 | |
| 1462214434 | Posterior | the back of the body | 139 | |
| 1462214435 | Difference between radial and bilateral symmetry | Radial: many lines of symmetry (ex, starfish) Bilateral: one line of symmetry (ex: people, crabs) | 140 | |
| 1462214436 | What is cephalization and its benefits? | The centralization of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end, and allow sensory organs to be introduced to the environment sooner (ex: people, dogs) | 141 | |
| 1462214437 | Why is an earthworm called a hermaphrodite? | they contain both female and male reproductive parts | 142 | |
| 1462214438 | Closed circulatory system | Blood flows through vessels | 143 | |
| 1462214439 | Earthworm: clitellum | Secretes mucus during reproduction, more anterior, fatter, lighter colored area | 144 | |
| 1462214440 | Earthworm: intestine | digests food with enzymes | 145 | |
| 1462214441 | Earthworm: prostomium | upper lip, dorsal side | 146 | |
| 1462214442 | Earthworm: ventral nerve cord | chain of ganglia, 3 pair of nerves each segment | 147 | |
| 1462214443 | Earthworm: pharynx | thick muscular, contracts and sucks in food | 148 | |
| 1462214444 | Earthworm: nephridia | Little tubes in each segment except the first and last that get rid of metabolic wastes (N2) | 149 | |
| 1462214445 | Earthworm: crop | stores food, more anterior | 150 | |
| 1462214446 | Earthworm: gizzard | grinds food, posterior to crop | 151 | |
| 1462214447 | Earthworm: esophagus | carries food | 152 | |
| 1462214448 | Earthworm: aortic arches | 5 pairs that contract to push blood around | 153 | |
| 1462214449 | Earthworm: seminal vesicles | store earthworm's own sperm (larger) | 154 | |
| 1462214450 | Earthworm: seminal receptacles | receive sperm from another worm (smaller) | 155 | |
| 1462214451 | Earthworm: dorsal blood vessel | moves blood anterior, from intestines where blood absorbs food to bring to other cells (makes the dorsal side a bit darker usually) | 156 | |
| 1462214452 | Earthworm: ventral blood vessel | moves blood posterior | 157 | |
| 1462214453 | Earthworm: setae | 4 pairs of bristles on the ventral side of each segment except for first and last, used for locomotion | 158 | |
| 1462214454 | Why is the dorsal side of a share darker while the ventral side of the shark is lighter? | for camoflague | 159 | |
| 1462214455 | Dogfish (shark): all seven fins | movement | 160 | |
| 1462214456 | Dogfish (shark): spiracles | allow a water passageway into the mouth for respiration | 161 | |
| 1462214457 | Dogfish (shark): gills | water taken in by mouth and spiracles is passed over the internal gills and forced out | 162 | |
| 1462214458 | Dogfish (shark): Ampullae of Lorenzini | sensitive to changes in water temperature, pressure, electrical fields, and salinity | 163 | |
| 1462214459 | Dogfish (shark): claspers | male's reproductive part which is inserted into the female for reproduction to transfer sperm (located posterior pelvic fins) | 164 | |
| 1462214460 | Dogfish (shark): cloaca | receives the products of the intestine, urinary, and genital ducts and reproductive use on females | 165 | |
| 1462214461 | Dogfish (shark): liver | largest organ in body cavity, rich in oil and stores energy, limited amount of buoyancy, secretes bile | 166 | |
| 1462214462 | Dogfish (shark): gallbladder | stores bile from the liver, green and short | 167 | |
| 1462214463 | Dogfish (shark): pancreas | secretes pancreatic fluid, located near the stomach | 168 | |
| 1462214464 | Dogfish (shark): esophagus | muscular tube extending from the top of the oral cavity to the stomach and moves food to stomach | 169 | |
| 1462214465 | Dogfish (shark): stomach (rugae) | help grind food | 170 | |
| 1462214466 | Dogfish (shark): small intestine | "spleen" posterior end, break down food | 171 | |
| 1462214467 | Dogfish (shark): large intestine | vulvudar intestine, breaks down food | 172 | |
| 1462214468 | Dogfish (shark): rectal gland | regulates amount of salt in the blood | 173 | |
| 1462214469 | Dogfish (shark): heart (2 chambers: atrium and ventricle) | pumps blood, atrium is smaller | 174 | |
| 1462214470 | Dogfish (shark): spleen | Filters dead blood cells, located at the end of the stomach | 175 | |
| 1462214471 | Dogfish (shark): kidneys | ribbon like, darkly colored structures lying on either side of the midline the entire length of the body, and manufactor and transport urine and function in the male's reproductive system | 176 | |
| 1462214472 | How is the frog well suited to eating large insects? | 1: anteriorly attatched tongue 2: jump 20 ft. strong hind legs 3: teeth-> vomerine: pierce, maxilary: grind and push back | 177 | |
| 1462214473 | What is the problem with the frog's 3 chambered heart and how does the frog compensate? | oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the ventricle, it just has to work harder, also oxygen can be gained from the skin as well as the lungs | 178 | |
| 1462214474 | Frog reproduction (amplexus, external and sexual reproduction) | dude jumps onto the female, she releases her eggs, he fertilizes them externally | 179 | |
| 1462214475 | Ways that frogs and tadpoles are different | tadpole: lives in water, has a tail (chordate), herbivore, gills frog: land and water, no tail, carnivore, lungs/skin | 180 | |
| 1462214476 | Frog: nictitating membrane | protects eyes in water and keeps eye moist on land; inner eyelid | 181 | |
| 1462214477 | Frog: tympanic membrane | behind the eyes, connect to inner mouth by Eustachian tubes, for hearing | 182 | |
| 1462214478 | Frog: vomerine teeth | 2, in the roof of the mouth to hold prey | 183 | |
| 1462214479 | Frog: maxillary teeth | on upper jaw only, feel like sandpaper | 184 | |
| 1462214480 | Frog: eustachian tubes | auditory orifice, connects pharynx to ear, equalize pressure in inner ear | 185 | |
| 1462214481 | Frog: glottis | lead to LUNGS | 186 | |
| 1462214482 | Frog: esophagus | tube that leads to the stomach | 187 | |
| 1462214483 | Frog: stomach | starts digesting food, pyloric valve lets food into the small intestine | 188 | |
| 1462214484 | Frog: small intestine | absorb nutrients from food | 189 | |
| 1462214485 | Frog: large intestine | collects wastes and water | 190 | |
| 1462214486 | Frog: cloaca | posterior to anus, exit for reproductive matter, urine and feces | 191 | |
| 1462214487 | Frog: liver | produces bile, which helps digest fats | 192 | |
| 1462214488 | Frog: gallbladder | stores bile secreted by liver, green | 193 | |
| 1462214489 | Frog: pancreas | secretes pancreatic fluid, lies in the curve of the stomach | 194 | |
| 1462214490 | Frog: heart (right and left atria and ventricle) | right atrium: doxygenated blood from body left atrium: oxygenated blood from lungs ventricle: recieves blood from both atria, pumps blood to body | 195 | |
| 1462214491 | Frog: spleen | stores blood, discharged in emergency, destroys worn out red blood cells | 196 | |
| 1462214492 | Frog: kidneys | main excretory organ, look like kidney beans located dorsally, waste filtered from blood collects as urine | 197 | |
| 1462214493 | Frog: lungs | 2, underdeveloped, used when the frog is very active | 198 | |
| 1462214494 | Frog: testes | white, bean shaped, near kidneys, produce sperm | 199 | |
| 1462214495 | Frog: oviducts | long, convoluted, ciliated tubules, collect eggs and move them to uterus | 200 | |
| 1462214496 | Frog: fat bodies | yellow, finger-like substances, store fat | 201 | |
| 1462214497 | How do you identify a male or female pig? | female: urogenital opening is located just ventral to anus male: urogenital opening is located just posterior the umbilical cord, also undeveloped scrotum | 202 | |
| 1462214498 | Pig: epiglottis | back of the mouth to prevent food going into glottis and lungs | 203 | |
| 1462214499 | Pig: trachea | supplies air to lungs, cardiloginous rings | 204 | |
| 1462214500 | Pig: diaphragm | sheet of muscle that separates abdominal and thoracic cavities and aids in breathing | 205 | |
| 1462214501 | Pig: liver | produces bile | 206 | |
| 1462214502 | Pig: esophagus | carries food to stomach | 207 | |
| 1462214503 | Pig: stomach | stores food and begins digestion, rugae | 208 | |
| 1462214504 | Pig: cardiac sphincter | valve, allows foods into stomach | 209 | |
| 1462214505 | Pig: pyloric sphincter | valve, allows foods into small intestine | 210 | |
| 1462214506 | Pig: small intestine | digests food, connected to stomach, held together by tissue called mesentery | 211 | |
| 1462214507 | Pig: large intestine | wider and looped, removes water from partially digested food | 212 | |
| 1462214508 | Pig: caecum | appendix, has no known function, located by intestines | 213 | |
| 1462214509 | Pig: mesentery | tissue that holds together small intestine | 214 | |
| 1462214510 | Pig: spleen | long reddish brown organ wrapped around stomach, looks like a tongue, that fills with old red blood cells and produces new ones | 215 | |
| 1462214512 | Pig: gallbladder | small, greenish brown, stores bile, located by liver | 216 | |
| 1462214513 | Pig: ureter | tubes extending from kidneys to the bladder | 217 | |
| 1462214514 | Pig: kidney | look like kidney beans, located dorsally, filter blood and produce urine | 218 | |
| 1462214515 | Pig: bladder | stores urine | 219 | |
| 1462214516 | Pig: larynx | voice box, quite anterior, attached to trachea | 220 | |
| 1462214517 | Pig: thyroid gland | v-shaped structure that secretes hormones that control metabolism, posterior to larynx, located on trachea | 221 |
