biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
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http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
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| 393111416 | ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment | 0 | |
| 393111417 | biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere | 1 | |
| 393111418 | species | group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring | 2 | |
| 393111419 | population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area | 3 | |
| 393111420 | community | assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area | 4 | |
| 393111421 | ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment | 5 | |
| 393111422 | biome | group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities | 6 | |
| 393111423 | autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer | 7 | |
| 393111424 | producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph | 8 | |
| 393111425 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 9 | |
| 393111426 | chemosythesis | process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates | 10 | |
| 393111427 | heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer | 11 | |
| 393111428 | consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph | 12 | |
| 393111429 | herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants | 13 | |
| 393111430 | carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals | 14 | |
| 393111431 | omnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals | 15 | |
| 393111432 | detritivore | organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter | 16 | |
| 393111433 | decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter | 17 | |
| 393111434 | food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | 18 | |
| 393111435 | food web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem | 19 | |
| 393111436 | trophic level | step in a food chain or food web | 20 | |
| 393111437 | ecological pyramid | diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | 21 | |
| 393111438 | biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level | 22 | |
| 393111439 | biogeochemical cycle | process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another | 23 | |
| 393111440 | evaporation | process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas | 24 | |
| 393111441 | transpiration | loss of water from a plant through its leaves | 25 | |
| 393111442 | nutrient | chemical substance that an organism requires to live | 26 | |
| 393111443 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 27 | |
| 393111444 | denitrification | conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas | 28 | |
| 393111445 | primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem | 29 | |
| 393111446 | limiting nutrient | single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem | 30 | |
| 393111447 | algal bloom | an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient | 31 | |
| 393111448 | accessory pigment | compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll | 32 | |
| 393111449 | eyespot | Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment | 33 | |
| 393111450 | pellicle | Cell membrane in Euglenas | 34 | |
| 393111451 | phytoplankton | population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton | 35 | |
| 393111452 | phycobilin | accesory pigment found in red algae that is especially good at absorbing blue light. | 36 | |
| 393111453 | filament | In algae, a long threadlike colony formed by many green algae; in plants, a long, thin structure that supports an anther | 37 | |
| 393111454 | alternation of generations | process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles | 38 | |
| 393111455 | gametophyte | Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism | 39 | |
| 393111456 | spore | haploid reproductive cell | 40 | |
| 393111457 | sporophyte | diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism | 41 | |
| 393111458 | protist | any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus | 42 | |
| 393111459 | pseudopod | temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement | 43 | |
| 393111460 | amoeboid movement | Type of locomotion used by amoebas | 44 | |
| 393111461 | food vacuole | small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food | 45 | |
| 393111462 | cilium | short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells | 46 | |
| 393111463 | trichocyst | small, bottle-shaped structure used for defense by paramecia | 47 | |
| 393111464 | macronucleus | the larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence | 48 | |
| 393111465 | micronucleus | the smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes | 49 | |
| 393111466 | gullet | indentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell | 50 | |
| 393111467 | anal pore | region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment | 51 | |
| 393111468 | contractile vacuole | Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell | 52 | |
| 393111469 | conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information | 53 | |
| 393111470 | cellular slime mold | slime mold whose individual cells remain separated during every phase of the mold's life cycle | 54 | |
| 393111471 | acellular slime mold | slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei | 55 | |
| 393111472 | fruiting body | slender reproductive structure that produces spores and is found in some funguslike protists; reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium | 56 | |
| 393111473 | plasmodium | structure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds | 57 | |
| 393111474 | hypha | tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold | 58 | |
| 393111475 | zoosporangium | Spore case | 59 | |
| 393111476 | antheridium | Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants | 60 | |
| 393111477 | oogonium | Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei | 61 | |
| 393111478 | prokaryote | unicellular organism lacking a nucleus | 62 | |
| 393111479 | bacillus | rod-shaped prokaryote | 63 | |
| 393111480 | coccus | spherical prokaryote | 64 | |
| 393111481 | spirillum | spiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote | 65 | |
| 393111482 | chemoheterotroph | organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon | 66 | |
| 393111483 | photoheterotroph | organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source | 67 | |
| 393111484 | photoautotroph | organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds | 68 | |
| 393111485 | chemoautotroph | organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions | 69 | |
| 393111486 | obligate aerobe | organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live | 70 | |
| 393111487 | obligate anaerobe | organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen | 71 | |
| 393111488 | facultative anaerobe | organism that can survive with or without oxygen | 72 | |
| 393111489 | binary fission | type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells | 73 | |
| 393111490 | conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information | 74 | |
| 393111491 | endospore | type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm | 75 | |
| 393111492 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 76 | |
| 393111493 | pathogen | disease-causing agent | 77 | |
| 393111494 | vaccine | a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens | 78 | |
| 393111495 | antibiotic | compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria | 79 | |
| 393111496 | viriod | Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids that cause disease in plants. | 80 | |
| 393111497 | prion | infectious particles composed of protein with no nucleic acid | 81 | |
| 393111498 | virus | a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells | 82 | |
| 393111499 | capsid | outer protein coat of a virus | 83 | |
| 393111500 | bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria | 84 | |
| 393111501 | lytic infection | process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst | 85 | |
| 393111502 | lysogenic infection | process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA | 86 | |
| 393111503 | prophage | the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA | 87 | |
| 393111504 | retrovirus | virus that contains RNA as its genetic information | 88 | |
| 393111505 | gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 89 | |
| 393111506 | relative frequency | number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur | 90 | |
| 393111507 | single-gene trait | trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles | 91 | |
| 393111508 | polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes | 92 | |
| 393111509 | directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve | 93 | |
| 393111510 | stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | 94 | |
| 393111511 | disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle | 95 | |
| 393111512 | genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations | 96 | |
| 393111513 | founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | 97 | |
| 393111514 | Hardy-Weinberg principle | principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change | 98 | |
| 393111515 | genetic equilibrium | situation in which allele frequencies remain constant | 99 | |
| 393111516 | speciation | formation of new species | 100 | |
| 393111517 | reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 101 | |
| 393111518 | behavioral isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding | 102 | |
| 393111519 | geographical isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water | 103 | |
| 393111520 | temporal isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times | 104 | |
| 393111521 | evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | 105 | |
| 393111522 | theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations | 106 | |
| 393111523 | fossil | preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism | 107 | |
| 393111524 | artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation | 108 | |
| 393111525 | struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life | 109 | |
| 393111526 | fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment | 110 | |
| 393111527 | adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival | 111 | |
| 393111528 | survival of the fittest | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection | 112 | |
| 393111529 | natural selection | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | 113 | |
| 393111530 | descent with modification | principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time | 114 | |
| 393111531 | common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors | 115 | |
| 393111532 | homologous structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues | 116 | |
| 393111533 | vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism | 117 | |
| 393111534 | transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | 118 | |
| 393111535 | bacteriophage | kind of virus that infects bacteria | 119 | |
| 393111536 | nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) | 120 | |
| 393111537 | base pairing | Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine | 121 | |
| 393111538 | chromatin | long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes | 122 | |
| 393111539 | histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | 123 | |
| 393111540 | replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division | 124 | |
| 393111541 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication | 125 | |
| 393111542 | gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | 126 | |
| 393111543 | mRNA (messenger RNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell | 127 | |
| 393111544 | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes | 128 | |
| 393111545 | tRNA (transfer RNA) | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis | 129 | |
| 393111546 | transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA | 130 | |
| 393111547 | RNA polymerase | enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | 131 | |
| 393111548 | promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA | 132 | |
| 393111549 | intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein | 133 | |
| 393111550 | exon | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | 134 | |
| 393111551 | codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | 135 | |
| 393111552 | translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | 136 | |
| 393111553 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 137 | |
| 393111554 | mutation | a change or alteration in form or qualities | 138 | |
| 393111555 | point mutation | gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides | 139 | |
| 393111556 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 140 | |
| 393111557 | polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 141 | |
| 393111558 | sex-linked genes | genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male | 142 | |
| 393111559 | nondisjunction | occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate | 143 | |
| 393111560 | homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent | 144 | |
| 393111561 | diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes | 145 | |
| 393111562 | haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | 146 | |
| 393111563 | meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | 147 | |
| 393111564 | tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis | 148 | |
| 393111565 | crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 149 | |
| 393111566 | cell division | process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | 150 | |
| 393111567 | mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides | 151 | |
| 393111568 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 152 | |
| 393111569 | chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome | 153 | |
| 393111570 | centromere | area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached | 154 | |
| 393111571 | interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions | 155 | |
| 393111572 | cell cycle | series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide | 156 | |
| 393111573 | prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus | 157 | |
| 393111574 | centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope | 158 | |
| 393111575 | spindle | fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis | 159 | |
| 393111576 | metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | 160 | |
| 393111577 | anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles | 161 | |
| 393111578 | telophase | fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material | 162 | |
| 393111579 | cyclin | one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells | 163 | |
| 393111580 | cancer | disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth | 164 | |
| 393111581 | homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent | 165 | |
| 393111582 | diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes | 166 | |
| 393111583 | haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | 167 | |
| 393111584 | meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | 168 | |
| 393111585 | tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis | 169 | |
| 393111586 | crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 170 |
