Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . . then" logic of a prediction and state the role of a prediction in
the process of designing an investigation.
13. Explain the difference between observational and experimental investigations.
14. Explain the difference between the control group and the experimental group
in a controlled experiment.
15. Explain the difference between the controlled variables, the independent variable,
and the dependent variable(s).
16. Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative data and give examples
of each.
17. Explain the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis.
18. Be able to name the three Domains by which all living organisms are classified, and what organisms belong to each. Recognize the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya
Domains: Bacteria - all unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms w/ peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Archaea - all unicellular prokaryotic organisms; live in extreme environments
Eukarya - consist of unicellular and multicellular organisms w/ a nucleus
Kingdom - Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
* Protista - algae, protozoa, slime molds
19. Be able to state the Theory of Natural Selection and how it effects evolution of a species.
20. Be able to give the steps the scientific method when given a simple experiment with results. Distinguish between results (data) and conclusion!
Be able to answer multiple choice questions at the end of the chapter.
| 1762131082 | Evolution | Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth | 0 | |
| 1762131113 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix |  | 1 |
| 1762131083 | Emergent properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | 2 | |
| 1762131114 | Eukaryotic Cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |  | 3 |
| 1762131115 | Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |  | 4 |
| 1762131084 | Ecosystems | All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them | 5 | |
| 1762131085 | Community | All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction. | 6 | |
| 1762131086 | Population | A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. | 7 | |
| 1762131087 | Organism | a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature | 8 | |
| 1762131088 | Organs | A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues. | 9 | |
| 1762131089 | Organ Systems | A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. | 10 | |
| 1762131090 | Tissues | An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both. | 11 | |
| 1762131091 | Organelles | Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny compartments within cells called organelles | 12 | |
| 1762131092 | Cell | The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles. | 13 | |
| 1762131093 | Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. | 14 | |
| 1762131094 | Inductive Reasoning | Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules | 15 | |
| 1762131095 | Data | Recorded observations. | 16 | |
| 1762131096 | Hypothesis | A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory. | 17 | |
| 1762131097 | Deductive Reasoning | A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. | 18 | |
| 1762131098 | Controlled Experiment | An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. | 19 | |
| 1762131099 | Dependent Variable | It is something that depends on other factors. | 20 | |
| 1762131100 | Independent Variable | It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. | 21 | |
| 1762131116 | What are the 5 Properties of Life? | 1. Cellular Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Heredity 5. Growth and Reproduction |  | 22 |
| 1762131101 | Metabolism | All living things use energy. The transfer of energy from one form of to another in cells is an example of metabolism. Organisms transfer energy from one place to another using special energy-carrying molecules called ATP molecules. | 23 | |
| 1762131102 | What are the 6 steps of the Scientific Method? | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment/Test 5. Controls 6. Conclusion | 24 | |
| 1762131103 | What 4 kingdoms are Eukaryotic? | Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista | 25 | |
| 1762131104 | What are Bacteria? | All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls | 26 | |
| 1762131105 | What is the Theory of Natural Selection? | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 27 | |
| 1762131106 | Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology? | Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor. | 28 | |
| 1762131107 | Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant? | Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring. | 29 | |
| 1762131108 | What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life? | DNA | 30 | |
| 1762131109 | What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area? | A Population | 31 | |
| 1762131117 | How would you define a Eukaryotic cell? | A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus |  | 32 |
| 1762131118 | How would you define a prokaryotic cell? | A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles |  | 33 |
| 1762131110 | What is deductive reasoning? | Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions | 34 | |
| 1762131119 | What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life | 1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development | | 35 |
| 1762131120 | What are the 13 levels of Biological Organization? | 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Macromolecules 4. Organelles 5. Cells 6. Tissues 7. Organs 8. Organ Systems 9. Organisms 10. Population 11. Species 12. Community 13. Ecosystem |  | 36 |
| 1762131121 | Cell | The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life |  | 37 |
| 1762131111 | What is a hypothesis? | A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested | 38 | |
| 1762131112 | The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from.... | The sun | 39 |
