biology vocab for 11.4, cell division, and chapters 14, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 3
Links to individual sets:
http://quizlet.com/7869541/biology-ch-114-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7954678/biology-vocab-for-cell-division-unit-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9066684/biology-ch142-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/9450790/biology-ch-12-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10243166/biology-ch-15-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/10493073/biology-ch-16-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11086905/biology-ch-19-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11452840/biology-ch-20-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/11801196/biology-ch-3-vocab-olczyk-flash-cards/
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| 2518086956 | ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment | 0 | |
| 2518086957 | biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere | 1 | |
| 2518086958 | species | group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring | 2 | |
| 2518086959 | population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area | 3 | |
| 2518086960 | community | assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area | 4 | |
| 2518086961 | ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment | 5 | |
| 2518086962 | biome | group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities | 6 | |
| 2518086963 | autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer | 7 | |
| 2518086964 | producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph | 8 | |
| 2518086965 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 9 | |
| 2518086966 | chemosythesis | process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates | 10 | |
| 2518086967 | heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer | 11 | |
| 2518086968 | consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph | 12 | |
| 2518086969 | herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants | 13 | |
| 2518086970 | carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals | 14 | |
| 2518086971 | omnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals | 15 | |
| 2518086972 | detritivore | organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter | 16 | |
| 2518086973 | decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter | 17 | |
| 2518086974 | food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | 18 | |
| 2518086975 | food web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem | 19 | |
| 2518086976 | trophic level | step in a food chain or food web | 20 | |
| 2518086977 | ecological pyramid | diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | 21 | |
| 2518086978 | biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level | 22 | |
| 2518086979 | biogeochemical cycle | process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another | 23 | |
| 2518086980 | evaporation | process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas | 24 | |
| 2518086981 | transpiration | loss of water from a plant through its leaves | 25 | |
| 2518086982 | nutrient | chemical substance that an organism requires to live | 26 | |
| 2518086983 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 27 | |
| 2518086984 | denitrification | conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas | 28 | |
| 2518086985 | primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem | 29 | |
| 2518086986 | limiting nutrient | single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem | 30 | |
| 2518086987 | algal bloom | an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient | 31 | |
| 2518086988 | accessory pigment | compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll | 32 | |
| 2518086989 | eyespot | Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment | 33 | |
| 2518086990 | pellicle | Cell membrane in Euglenas | 34 | |
| 2518086991 | phytoplankton | population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton | 35 | |
| 2518086992 | phycobilin | accesory pigment found in red algae that is especially good at absorbing blue light. | 36 | |
| 2518086993 | filament | In algae, a long threadlike colony formed by many green algae; in plants, a long, thin structure that supports an anther | 37 | |
| 2518086994 | alternation of generations | process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles | 38 | |
| 2518086995 | gametophyte | Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism | 39 | |
| 2518086996 | spore | haploid reproductive cell | 40 | |
| 2518086997 | sporophyte | diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism | 41 | |
| 2518086998 | protist | any eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal, or a fungus | 42 | |
| 2518086999 | pseudopod | temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement | 43 | |
| 2518087000 | amoeboid movement | Type of locomotion used by amoebas | 44 | |
| 2518087001 | food vacuole | small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food | 45 | |
| 2518087002 | cilium | short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells | 46 | |
| 2518087003 | trichocyst | small, bottle-shaped structure used for defense by paramecia | 47 | |
| 2518087004 | macronucleus | the larger of a ciliate's two nuclei, contains multiple copies of most of the genes that the cell needs in its day-to-day existence | 48 | |
| 2518087005 | micronucleus | the smaller of a ciliate's two nuclei; contains a "reserve copy" of all of the cell's genes | 49 | |
| 2518087006 | gullet | indentation in one side of a ciliate that allows food to enter the cell | 50 | |
| 2518087007 | anal pore | region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the environment | 51 | |
| 2518087008 | contractile vacuole | Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell | 52 | |
| 2518087009 | conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information | 53 | |
| 2518087010 | cellular slime mold | slime mold whose individual cells remain separated during every phase of the mold's life cycle | 54 | |
| 2518087011 | acellular slime mold | slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei | 55 | |
| 2518087012 | fruiting body | slender reproductive structure that produces spores and is found in some funguslike protists; reproductive structure of fungus that develops from a mycelium | 56 | |
| 2518087013 | plasmodium | structure with many nuclei formed by acellular slime molds | 57 | |
| 2518087014 | hypha | tiny filament that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold | 58 | |
| 2518087015 | zoosporangium | Spore case | 59 | |
| 2518087016 | antheridium | Male reproductive structure in some algae and plants | 60 | |
| 2518087017 | oogonium | Specialized structure formed by hyphae that produces female Nuclei | 61 | |
| 2518087018 | prokaryote | unicellular organism lacking a nucleus | 62 | |
| 2518087019 | bacillus | rod-shaped prokaryote | 63 | |
| 2518087020 | coccus | spherical prokaryote | 64 | |
| 2518087021 | spirillum | spiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote | 65 | |
| 2518087022 | chemoheterotroph | organism that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon | 66 | |
| 2518087023 | photoheterotroph | organism that is photosynthetic but needs organic compounds as a carbon source | 67 | |
| 2518087024 | photoautotroph | organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds | 68 | |
| 2518087025 | chemoautotroph | organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions | 69 | |
| 2518087026 | obligate aerobe | organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live | 70 | |
| 2518087027 | obligate anaerobe | organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen | 71 | |
| 2518087028 | facultative anaerobe | organism that can survive with or without oxygen | 72 | |
| 2518087029 | binary fission | type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells | 73 | |
| 2518087030 | conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information | 74 | |
| 2518087031 | endospore | type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm | 75 | |
| 2518087032 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia | 76 | |
| 2518087033 | pathogen | disease-causing agent | 77 | |
| 2518087034 | vaccine | a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens | 78 | |
| 2518087035 | antibiotic | compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria | 79 | |
| 2518087036 | viriod | Single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids that cause disease in plants. | 80 | |
| 2518087037 | prion | infectious particles composed of protein with no nucleic acid | 81 | |
| 2518087038 | virus | a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells | 82 | |
| 2518087039 | capsid | outer protein coat of a virus | 83 | |
| 2518087040 | bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria | 84 | |
| 2518087041 | lytic infection | process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst | 85 | |
| 2518087042 | lysogenic infection | process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA | 86 | |
| 2518087043 | prophage | the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell's DNA | 87 | |
| 2518087044 | retrovirus | virus that contains RNA as its genetic information | 88 | |
| 2518087045 | gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 89 | |
| 2518087046 | relative frequency | number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur | 90 | |
| 2518087047 | single-gene trait | trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles | 91 | |
| 2518087048 | polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes | 92 | |
| 2518087049 | directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve | 93 | |
| 2518087050 | stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end | 94 | |
| 2518087051 | disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle | 95 | |
| 2518087052 | genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations | 96 | |
| 2518087053 | founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | 97 | |
| 2518087054 | Hardy-Weinberg principle | principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change | 98 | |
| 2518087055 | genetic equilibrium | situation in which allele frequencies remain constant | 99 | |
| 2518087056 | speciation | formation of new species | 100 | |
| 2518087057 | reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 101 | |
| 2518087058 | behavioral isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding | 102 | |
| 2518087059 | geographical isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water | 103 | |
| 2518087060 | temporal isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times | 104 | |
| 2518087061 | evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | 105 | |
| 2518087062 | theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations | 106 | |
| 2518087063 | fossil | preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism | 107 | |
| 2518087064 | artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation | 108 | |
| 2518087065 | struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life | 109 | |
| 2518087066 | fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment | 110 | |
| 2518087067 | adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival | 111 | |
| 2518087068 | survival of the fittest | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection | 112 | |
| 2518087069 | natural selection | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | 113 | |
| 2518087070 | descent with modification | principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time | 114 | |
| 2518087071 | common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors | 115 | |
| 2518087072 | homologous structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues | 116 | |
| 2518087073 | vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism | 117 | |
| 2518087074 | transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria | 118 | |
| 2518087075 | bacteriophage | kind of virus that infects bacteria | 119 | |
| 2518087076 | nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) | 120 | |
| 2518087077 | base pairing | Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine | 121 | |
| 2518087078 | chromatin | long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes | 122 | |
| 2518087079 | histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin | 123 | |
| 2518087080 | replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division | 124 | |
| 2518087081 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication | 125 | |
| 2518087082 | gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | 126 | |
| 2518087083 | mRNA (messenger RNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell | 127 | |
| 2518087084 | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes | 128 | |
| 2518087085 | tRNA (transfer RNA) | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis | 129 | |
| 2518087086 | transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA | 130 | |
| 2518087087 | RNA polymerase | enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription | 131 | |
| 2518087088 | promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA | 132 | |
| 2518087089 | intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein | 133 | |
| 2518087090 | exon | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | 134 | |
| 2518087091 | codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | 135 | |
| 2518087092 | translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | 136 | |
| 2518087093 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 137 | |
| 2518087094 | mutation | a change or alteration in form or qualities | 138 | |
| 2518087095 | point mutation | gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides | 139 | |
| 2518087096 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 140 | |
| 2518087097 | polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 141 | |
| 2518087098 | sex-linked genes | genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male | 142 | |
| 2518087099 | nondisjunction | occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate | 143 | |
| 2518087100 | homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent | 144 | |
| 2518087101 | diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes | 145 | |
| 2518087102 | haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | 146 | |
| 2518087103 | meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | 147 | |
| 2518087104 | tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis | 148 | |
| 2518087105 | crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 149 | |
| 2518087106 | cell division | process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | 150 | |
| 2518087107 | mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides | 151 | |
| 2518087108 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division | 152 | |
| 2518087109 | chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome | 153 | |
| 2518087110 | centromere | area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached | 154 | |
| 2518087111 | interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions | 155 | |
| 2518087112 | cell cycle | series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide | 156 | |
| 2518087113 | prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus | 157 | |
| 2518087114 | centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope | 158 | |
| 2518087115 | spindle | fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis | 159 | |
| 2518087116 | metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | 160 | |
| 2518087117 | anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles | 161 | |
| 2518087118 | telophase | fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material | 162 | |
| 2518087119 | cyclin | one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells | 163 | |
| 2518087120 | cancer | disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth | 164 | |
| 2518087121 | homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent | 165 | |
| 2518087122 | diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes | 166 | |
| 2518087123 | haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | 167 | |
| 2518087124 | meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell | 168 | |
| 2518087125 | tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis | 169 | |
| 2518087126 | crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis | 170 |
