Text source: Campbell Essential Biology, 4th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. 2010
Terms : Hide Images
| 854709554 | cell division | the reproduction of a cell. | 0 | |
| 854709555 | chromosome | a gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying chromosome consists of one very long threadlike DNA molecule and associated proteins | 1 | |
| 854709556 | asexual reproduction | the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of gametes. | 2 | |
| 854709557 | sexual reproduction | the creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (sperm and egg), forming a diploid zygote. | 3 | |
| 854709558 | chromatin | the combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes; often used to refer to by the chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell is not dividing. | 4 | |
| 854709559 | histone | a small protein molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaryotic chromosome. | 5 | |
| 854709560 | nucleosome | the bead-like unit of DNA packing in a eukaryotic cell; consists of DNA wound around a protein core made up of eight histone molecules. | 6 | |
| 854709561 | sister chromatid | one of the two identical parts of the duplicated chromosome. While joined, two of these make up one chromosome; they are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. | 7 | |
| 854709562 | centromere | the region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. It divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis. | 8 | |
| 854709563 | cell cycle | an ordered sequence of events (including interphase the mitotic phase) that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first form from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells. | 9 | |
| 854709564 | interphase | the phase in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. During which, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. This phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. | 10 | |
| 854709565 | mitotic (M) phase | the phase of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells. | 11 | |
| 854709566 | mitosis | the division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. It and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. | 12 | |
| 854709567 | cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. It usually occurs during telophase of mitosis, and the two processes (mitosis and this process) make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. | 13 | |
| 854709568 | prophase | the first stage of mitosis. During this, duplicated chromosomes condense to form structures visible with a light microscope. and the mitotic spindle forms and begins moving the chromosomes toward the center of the cell. | 14 | |
| 854709569 | metaphase | the second stage of mitosis. During this, the centromeres of all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up on an imaginary plate equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle. | 15 | |
| 854709570 | anaphase | the third stage of mimitosis, beginning when the sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell. | 16 | |
| 854709571 | mitotic spindle | a spindle-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. (It is shaped roughly like a football.) | 17 | |
| 854709572 | centrosome | Material in the sytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules; important in mitosis and meiosis; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. | 18 | |
| 854709573 | cleavage furrow | the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | 19 | |
| 854709574 | cell plate | a membranous disk that forms across the midline of a dividing plant cell. During cytokinesis the cell plate grows outward, accumulating more cell wall material and eventually fusing into a new cell wall. | 20 | |
| 854709575 | cell cycle control system | a cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle. | 21 | |
| 854709576 | tumor | an abnormal mass of cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue. | 22 | |
| 854709577 | benign tumor | an abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body. | 23 | |
| 854709578 | malignant tumor | an abnormal tissue mass that spreads into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor. | 24 | |
| 854709579 | cancer | a malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. | 25 | |
| 854709580 | metastasis | the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site. | 26 | |
| 854709581 | radiation therapy | treatment for cancer in which parts of the body that have cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation to disrupt cell division of cancer cells. | 27 | |
| 854709582 | chemotherapy | treatment for cancer in which drugs are administered to disrupt cell division of the cancer cells. | 28 | |
| 854709583 | somatic cell | any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg; a body cell. | 29 | |
| 854709584 | karyotype | a display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position | 30 | |
| 854709585 | homologous chromosomes | the two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. They are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One of these is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. | 31 | |
| 854709586 | sex chromosome | a chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female; in mammals, for example the X or Y chromosome. | 32 | |
| 854709587 | autosomes | a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than X or Y. | 33 | |
| 854709588 | diploid | containing two sets of chromosomes (homologous pairs) in each cell, one set inherited from each parent; referring to a 2n cell. | 34 | |
| 854709589 | gamete | a sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote. | 35 | |
| 854709590 | haploid | containing a single set of chromosomes; referring to an n cell. | 36 | |
| 854709591 | fertilization | the union of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell, producing a zygote. | 37 | |
| 854709592 | zygote | the fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of haploid gametes (sperm and egg) during fertilization. | 38 | |
| 854709593 | meiosis | in a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid cell into four haploid daughter cells, (this division along with cytokinesis) produce haploid gametes from diploid cells in the reproductive organs of the parents. | 39 | |
| 854709594 | chiasma | the microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. | 40 | |
| 854709595 | genetic recombination | the production of offspring with gene combinations that differ from that found in either parent. | 41 | |
| 854709596 | nondisjunction | an accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase. | 42 | |
| 854709597 | trisomy 21 | (down syndrome) a human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of this extra chromosome; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation. | 43 |
