SAT 2 Terms to know
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| 97049514 | Atoms | The fundamental units of the physical world | 0 | |
| 97049515 | Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. | 1 | |
| 97049516 | Compound | A molecule containing different types of atoms | 2 | |
| 97049517 | Element | A molecule containing only one type of atom | 3 | |
| 97049518 | Reactants | The molecules or atoms that are interacting | 4 | |
| 97049519 | Products | The result of the interactions between molecules or atoms in a chemical reaction | 5 | |
| 97049520 | Organic | Molecules and compounds that contain carbon | 6 | |
| 97049521 | Inorganic | Molecules and compounds that do not contain carbon (except CO2) | 7 | |
| 97049522 | Polymers | Strings of repeated units | 8 | |
| 97049523 | Monomers | The individual units of polymers | 9 | |
| 97049524 | Amino Acids | The monomer that builds a protein | 10 | |
| 97049525 | Backbone | H O | || NH2--C--C--OH | R | 11 | |
| 97049526 | Amino group | The NH2 group of an amino acid | 12 | |
| 97049527 | Carboxyl group | COOH | 13 | |
| 97049528 | Protein | Amino acids bonded together in a chain | 14 | |
| 97049529 | Peptide bond | The bond between the amino acids when they are joined together | 15 | |
| 97049530 | Dehydration synthesis | The process of the removal of H2O to join two amino acids | 16 | |
| 97049531 | Polypeptide | A long chain of amino acids, and therefore peptide bonds | 17 | |
| 97049532 | Hydrolysis | The process of breaking bonds through the addition of water to the molecule | 18 | |
| 97049533 | Saccharide | The monomer of a carbohydrate | 19 | |
| 97049534 | Glucose | A simple sugar that's an important source of energy- C6 H12 O6 | 20 | |
| 97049535 | Fructose | an isomer of glucose; it has the same chemical formula (C6 H12 O6) but its atoms are arranged differently-->double bonded molecule located on the second carbon from the top | 21 | |
| 97049536 | Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides linked together, a carbohydrate of two monomers | 22 | |
| 97049537 | Maltose | A disaccharide made of glucose + glucose. | 23 | |
| 97049538 | Sucrose | A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose. | 24 | |
| 97049539 | Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate made up of three or greater monosaccharides | 25 | |
| 97049540 | Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 26 | |
| 97049541 | Starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice | 27 | |
| 97049542 | Cellulose | a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers | 28 | |
| 97049543 | Hydrocarbon | An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. | 29 | |
| 97049544 | Hydrophobic | lacking affinity for water | 30 | |
| 97049545 | Hydrophilic | attracts water molecules | 31 | |
| 97049546 | Non polar | When electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally it is called a ___-___ bond. | 32 | |
| 97049547 | Triglycerides | Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol, stores fats in the body | 33 | |
| 97049548 | Phospholipids | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. | 34 | |
| 97049549 | Cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. | 35 | |
| 97049550 | Polar | having an uneven distribution of charge | 36 | |
| 97049551 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics | 37 | |
| 97049552 | RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis | 38 | |
| 97049553 | Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | 39 | |
| 97049554 | Double Helix | the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape | 40 | |
| 97049555 | Base Pairing | principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine | 41 | |
| 97049556 | Hydrogen Bond | a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond | 42 | |
| 97049557 | Lipid bilayer | double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes | 43 | |
| 97049558 | Uracil | The RNA version of thymine. Like thymine, this base also pairs with adenine. | 44 | |
| 97049559 | Adenine | (biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA | 45 | |
| 97049560 | Guanine | a purine (nitrogenous base) component of nucleotides and nucleic acids; links with cytosine in DNA | 46 | |
| 97049561 | Cytosine | a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with guanine | 47 | |
| 97049562 | Thymine | a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine | 48 | |
| 97049563 | Unicellular | having or consisting of a single cell | 49 | |
| 97049564 | Multicellular | consisting of many cells | 50 | |
| 97049565 | Cell Wall | a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms | 51 | |
| 97049566 | Cell Membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell | 52 | |
| 97049567 | Cytoplasm | The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus | 53 | |
| 97049568 | Organelles | tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell | 54 | |
| 97049569 | Nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction | 55 | |
| 97049570 | Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | 56 | |
| 97049571 | Plants | Stationary multicellular eukarotes that photosynthesize | 57 | |
| 97049572 | Bacteria | (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission | 58 | |
| 97049573 | Peptidoglycan | A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid | 59 | |
| 97049574 | Fungi | Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter | 60 | |
| 97049575 | Chitin | complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods | 61 | |
| 97049576 | Aqueous | similar to or containing or dissolved in water | 62 | |
| 97049577 | Semipermeable | characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others | 63 | |
| 97049578 | Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated | 64 | |
| 97049579 | Facilitated Diffusion | pathway provided by transport proteins that helps certain molecules pass through a membrane | 65 | |
| 97049580 | Active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 66 | |
| 97049581 | Bulk Transport | The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis | 67 | |
| 97049582 | Endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane | 68 | |
| 97049583 | Exoctyosis | Vesicles (ribosomes) fuse with cell membrane and release contents into the extracellular (interstitial) space; replace cell membrane as release contents | 69 | |
| 97049584 | Vesicle | A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. | 70 | |
| 97049585 | Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | 71 | |
| 97049586 | Hypertonic | (of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution | 72 | |
| 97049587 | Isotonic | (used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure | 73 | |
| 97049588 | Hypotonic | (of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution | 74 | |
| 97049589 | Vacuole | a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell | 75 | |
| 97049590 | Ribosomes | non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis | 76 | |
| 97049591 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. | 77 | |
| 97049592 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm | 78 | |
| 97049593 | Golgi Apparatus | a net-like structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions) | 79 | |
| 97049594 | Mitochondria | the organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy | 80 | |
| 97049595 | Lysosomes | An organelle containing digestive enzymes | 81 | |
| 97049596 | Centrioles | One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. | 82 | |
| 97049597 | Nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus | 83 | |
| 97049598 | Enzyme | any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions | 84 | |
| 97049599 | Coenzyme | a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes | 85 | |
| 97049600 | Catalyst | (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected | 86 | |
| 97049601 | Adenosine triphosphate | a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue | 87 | |
| 97049602 | Hydrolyze | breaks down carbs with water in pancreas | 88 | |
| 97049603 | Adenosine diphosphate | (ADP) a substance involved in energy metabolism formed by the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate | 89 | |
| 97049604 | Electron carriers | arranged in chains in the membrane so that electrons can pass from one carrier to another | 90 | |
| 97049605 | Glycolysis | a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP | 91 | |
| 97049606 | Pyruvate | Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis | 92 | |
| 97049607 | Anareobic | No oxygen required (takes place in the cytoplasm). | 93 | |
| 97049608 | Aerobic | depending on free oxygen or air | 94 | |
| 97049609 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | A group of three enzymes that decarboxylates pyruvate, creating an acetyl group and carbon dioxide. The acetyl group is then attached to coenzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA, a substrate in the Krebs cycle. In the process, NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is the second stage of cellular respiration. | 95 | |
| 97049610 | coenzyme A | catalyzes the change of acetyl CoA to citric acid | 96 | |
| 97049611 | Krebs cycle | second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions | 97 | |
| 97049612 | Citric Acid Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration. | 98 | |
| 97049613 | Electron transport | Process in which high-energy electrons are transferred along a series of electron-carrier molecules in a membrane | 99 | |
| 97049614 | Oxidative phosphorylation | The oxidation of high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP, producing ATP. In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondira. | 100 | |
| 97049615 | Final Electron Acceptor | oxygen is called this because it is the last molecule in the electron transport chain to accept electrons | 101 | |
| 97049616 | Inner Mitochondrial membrane | The membrane of the mitochondria that is the site of electron transport and chemiosmosis. | 102 | |
| 97049617 | ATP synthase | large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP | 103 | |
| 97049618 | Fermentation | a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances | 104 |
