This a a review of key Life (Biology) Science terms and ideas to help prepare for the Nevada High School Science Proficiency Exam.
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| 502656060 | Taxonomy Order (Biggest to Smallest) | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | 0 | |
| 502656061 | Cell Wall | strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria | 1 | |
| 502656062 | Nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction | 2 | |
| 502656063 | Ribosome | small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein; where amino acids are made into proteins | 3 | |
| 502656064 | Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration); respiration takes place here | 4 | |
| 502656065 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids; folded transport system for the cell | 5 | |
| 502656066 | Normal Cell Division | 1. DNA (chromosomes) unwinds and is duplicated 2. Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell 3. Centromeres separate 4. Single stranded chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell 5. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes | 6 | |
| 502656067 | Plant cells | Contain chloroplasts (photosynthesis sites) and vacuoles (water storage areas) that are not found in animal cells | 7 | |
| 502656068 | Photosynthesis | Plant cells turn sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates | 8 | |
| 502656069 | Respiration | Animal cells turn carbohydrates, water and oxygen into energy. Waste product is carbon dioxide. | 9 | |
| 502656070 | Mitosis | One cell makes two cells exactly like the first cell; process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei | 10 | |
| 502656071 | Diploid | cell with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n, number of chromosomes; 2n-where n is the number of chromosomes | 11 | |
| 502656072 | Meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; One cell makes two gamete cells 2n -> n | 12 | |
| 502656073 | Haploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes; n - where n is the number of chromosomes | 13 | |
| 502656074 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics; Base pair matching is: Adenine bonds ONLY with Thymine, Thymine bonds ONLY with Adenine, Cytosine bond ONLY with Guanine Guanine bond ONLY with Cytosine | 14 | |
| 502656075 | DNA Replication | The DNA double helix strand separates and becomes a template for a new and identical strand. As the strand separates each A pairs with a T and T pairs with an A while each C pairs with a G and each G pairs with a C. If the original was ACTCAG then the new strand would be TGAGTC. | 15 | |
| 502656076 | Chargaff's Rule | equal amounts of adenine bonds with thymine and equal amount of guanine bonds with cytosine | 16 | |
| 502656077 | RNA | (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes In RNA, A pairs with U and C pairs with G. At this point the base Uracil is put in place of Thymine (so A now bonds only with U). | 17 | |
| 502656078 | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | aids in protein formation. | 18 | |
| 502656079 | Transfer RNA (tRNA) | reads the sequence of mRNA and structs the ribosome to assemble new proteins from amino acids that match. tRNA moves the amino acids and proteins around into the right places. | 19 | |
| 502656080 | DNA vs RNA | DNA, sugar is deoxyribose, two strands, base - thymine RNA, sugar is ribose, one strand, base - uracil, only molecule to enter or leave the nucleus | 20 | |
| 502656081 | Genotype vs Phenotype | Genotype is the genetic makeup; what can be passed on to your children Phenotype is the physical appearance; what is seen in you right now; how you look | 21 | |
| 502656082 | Homozygous | Both alleles are the same (TT) for homozygous dominant or (tt) for homozygous recessive (I used the letter T for an example only. This could be any letter) | 22 | |
| 502656083 | Heterozygous | Alleles are different (Tt) | 23 | |
| 502656084 | Alleles | different forms of a gene | 24 | |
| 502656085 | Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | 25 | |
| 502656086 | Genes | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait | 26 | |
| 502656087 | Dominance | an organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. (ex. Bb ---The big B would be dominant; Allele which masks the presence of a recessive Ex: AA or Aa | 27 | |
| 502656088 | Recessive | of genes; Two recessive alleles in order for genotype to be expressed. Ex: aa | 28 | |
| 502656089 | Punnett Squares |  | 29 | |
| 502656090 | Punnett Squares 2 |  | 30 | |
| 502656091 | Order of Organism Complexity | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism | 31 | |
| 502656092 | Evolution | Is change in organisms over time | 32 | |
| 502656093 | Natural Selection | Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | 33 | |
| 502656094 | Survival of the Fittest | process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection; One who has most surviving off spring most fit. | 34 | |
| 502656095 | Pathogens | Cause infectious diseases | 35 | |
| 502656096 | Parasites | Live off of a host and will eventually cause the death of the host | 36 | |
| 502656097 | Primary producers | Are plants and they provide most of the food and oxygen; the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms | 37 | |
| 502656098 | Linnaeus | scientist who came up with method of naming organisms with a 2 part scientific name called binomial nomenclature | 38 | |
| 502656099 | Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection | 1. More offspring are born into a population that can survive. 2. These offspring all contain variations 3. These offspring must compete for natural resources 4. The organisms with the best variations will survive and reproduce. (Survival of the fittest) 5. Over time, descent (the ancestors will be different from offspring) with modification will occur. | 39 | |
| 502656100 | Mutations | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information; can passed on to offspring if they occur in the gametes | 40 | |
| 502656101 | Gametes | reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells; in humans, the egg or sperm | 41 | |
| 502656102 | Stomatic | any body cell expect for sex cells | 42 | |
| 502656103 | Biodiversity | Results in stability in an ecosystem. Biodiversity is a measure of the number and types of organisms that live in an ecosystem | 43 | |
| 502656104 | Succession | (ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established | 44 | |
| 502656105 | Photosynthesis | How most food and oxygen on earth are produced; the energy comes from the sun | 45 | |
| 502656106 | Homologous structures | Are structures that derive from the same body part but may have different forms, i.e. bird wing, bat wing, human arm | 46 |
