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| 255143720 | Mendel | 1866; experiment on pea plants established ideas of inheritance and traits in pairs, factors passed on, didn't call them genes, used pea plants as research organism for genetics, traits passed from parent to offspring, predictably but didn't know how, only predictable inheritance pattern, ideas of dominance, recessiveness, equal segregation and independent assortment | |
| 255143721 | Meischer | 1869; first to identify nuclein (which was DNA but he didn't call it this) in cells composed of mostly nuclear membrane, and white blood cells, collected bandages full of pus, knew it was acetic and found in nucleus | |
| 255143722 | Boveri and Sutton | (1902)— came up with chromosome theory, only responsible for chromosomes, that they are functional units of heredity; but chromosomes contain DNA and protein (which he didn't know much about), discovered meiosis and tested on sea urchins | |
| 255143723 | Morgan | worked with fruit flies, geneticists, identified that genes are found in specific locations on chromosomes; gene has a locust (point on a graph), carry traits, not sure if DNA or protein | |
| 255143724 | Griffith | (1928)—genes can be transferred (transforming factor) even if you kill lethal bacteria, you can transfer it, didn't know it was DNA | |
| 255143725 | Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty | (1944)—proved that it was DNA, looked at Griffth's work, one sample in bacteria, inactivated proteins, took Griffth experiment one step further, using mice; determined that DNA, the transforming factor, is the hereditary material involved in transformation in pneumocococus bacteria | |
| 255143726 | Chargaff | (1950)—in DNA he found that the amount of Adenine equals the amount of Thymine and the amount of Guanine equals the amount of Cytosine, base pairing; number of purines in DNA always equals the number of pyrmidines | |
| 255143727 | Hershey & Chase | (1952)— confirmed DNA was genetic material, genetic material made up of DNA not protein, it is the genetic material that transmits genetic info to make new viruses; experiments with viruses; labeled DNA with phosphorus, looked to see what ended up in bacteria, DNA actually enters cell, carrier, protein left behind | |
| 255143728 | Franklin & Wilkins | (1952)— used X-Ray diffraction (crystolography) to take photograph, photo showed helix structure of DNA, double helix of constant diameter and that bases are regularly stacked on top of one another | |
| 255143729 | Watson and Crick | (1953)—used past findings to propose double helix; explained how replication worked, coded sequence for info, deduced that DNA has a twisted, ladderlike structure; sugar phosphate molecules make up sides of the ladder and the bases make up the rungs; constant width of rungs due to hydrogen bonding of A and T and G and C; base pairs can be in any order so allows for differences between species | |
| 255143730 | nucleotides | DNA is a polymer of what? | |
| 255143731 | phosphate | Each polymer has a what group, sugar deoxyribose, and a nitrogen-containing base? | |
| 255143732 | Adenine and Guanine | There are four types of nucleotides because there are four different bases: Which ones are purines | |
| 255143733 | Cytosine and Thymine | Which bases are pyrimidines? | |
| 255143734 | Thymine | Adenine bonds with? | |
| 255143735 | Cytosine | Guanine bonds with? | |
| 255143736 | replication | Watson and Crick model suggests that complementary base pairing plays a role in the what of DNA? | |
| 255143737 | nucleotides | DNA is a chain of what, composed of three subunits; phosphoric acid (phosophate), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen containing base? | |
| 255143738 | purines | Two of the bases are what with a double ring; Adenine and Guanine; types of nitrogen-containing base, such as adenine or guanine, having a double-ring structure | |
| 255143739 | pyrimidines | Two of the bases are pyrimidines with a single ring; Thymine and Cytosine; type of nitrogen-containing base, such as cytosine, thymine, or uracil, having a single-ring structure | |
| 255143740 | phosphate and sugar molecules | Backbone of DNA polynucleotide strand is made up of alternating what? | |
| 255143741 | double helix | double spiral; describes the three-dimensional shape of DNA. | |
| 255143742 | hydrogen bonds | A always pairs with T by forming two what and G always pair with C by forming three what? | |
| 255143743 | complementary base pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular bases, in DNA, thymine pairs with Adenine, and guanine pairs with Cytosine | |
| 255143744 | antiparallel | The two DNA strands are what, that is they run in opposite directions, which you can verify by noticing that the sugar molecules are oriented differently. | |
| 255143745 | DNA replication | process of copying one DNA double helix into two identical double helices | |
| 255143746 | semiconservative | DNA replication is termed what because a new double helix has one conserved old strand and one new strand? | |
| 255143747 | hydrogen bonded | Before replication begins, the two strands that make up parental DNA are what to one another? | |
| 255143748 | helicase | The enzyme DNA what unwinds and unzips the double stranded DNA (the weak hydrogen bonds between the paired bases break) | |
| 255143749 | polymerase | New complementary DNA nucleotides always present in the nucleus, fit into place by the process of complementary base pairing, positioned and joined by the enzyme DNA what? | |
| 255143750 | ligase | To complete replication, the enzyme DNA what seals any breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone? | |
| 255143751 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells |
