Biology 1 Miller and Levine
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| 789249580 | dominant | a trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present | 0 | |
| 789249581 | recessive | a trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene | 1 | |
| 789249582 | diploid | an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number | 2 | |
| 789249583 | haploid | an organism or cell that contains only a single set of genes | 3 | |
| 789249584 | heterozygous | an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait | 4 | |
| 789249585 | homozygous | an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait | 5 | |
| 789249586 | incomplete dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele, a type of blending of the two alleles occurs (red flower x white flower = pink flower) | 6 | |
| 789249587 | codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (A and B of the human blood types) | 7 | |
| 789249588 | multiple alleles | a gene that has more than two alleles (A, B, O blood types in humans) | 8 | |
| 789249589 | crossing-over | the interchange of sections of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis | 9 | |
| 789249590 | linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together | 10 | |
| 789249591 | Watson and Crick | nobel prize winners for correctly describing the structure of DNA as a double helix | 11 | |
| 789249592 | Rosalind Franklin | Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA | 12 | |
| 789249593 | point mutation | gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides | 13 | |
| 789249594 | gene mutation | A change in the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene | 14 | |
| 789249595 | chromosomal mutation | mutation that occurs at the chromosomal level resulting in changes in the gene distribution to gametes during meiosis; caused when parts of chromosomes break off or rejoin incorrectly | 15 | |
| 789249596 | hox genes | regulatory genes that control the expression of other genes, they control what structures appear where | 16 | |
| 789249597 | genotype | genetic makeup of an organism, represented by letters (TT, Tt, tt) | 17 | |
| 789249598 | phenotype | the physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make up. | 18 | |
| 789249599 | non-disjunction | meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate | 19 | |
| 789249600 | restriction enzymes | cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides | 20 | |
| 789249601 | promoter | a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA. | 21 | |
| 789249602 | ligase | joins together fragments of DNA | 22 | |
| 789249603 | DNA polymerase | enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule. | 23 | |
| 789249604 | RNA polymerase | an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of mRNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template during transcription | 24 | |
| 789249605 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | used to make copies of a desired fragment of DNA. Steps: 1. separate the DNA strands using heat. 2. annealing the primers to a specific sequence on each strand to be amplified. 3. elongation DNA polymerase replicates the DNA sequence following each primer. (REPEATED MANY TIMES to get the desired amount of the DNA fragment). | 25 | |
| 789249606 | genetic engineering | process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms | 26 | |
| 789249607 | primers | used in PCR these small sequences of DNA provide a place for the DNA polymerase to start working | 27 | |
| 789249608 | recombinant DNA | DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms | 28 | |
| 789249609 | plasmids | the smalll, circular segments of DNA that are found in bacteria and that stay sparate from the bacterial chromosomes; used in genetic engineering. | 29 | |
| 789249610 | DNA microarray | a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time | 30 | |
| 789249611 | gametes | reproductive cells such as eggs and sperm they are haploid, having only half the number of chromosomes as body cells | 31 | |
| 789249612 | nucleic acids | DNA and RNA, complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information | 32 | |
| 789249613 | Chargaff's rule | the idea that [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing. | 33 | |
| 789249614 | Central Dogma of molecular biology | the idea that genetic information flows from the DNA sequence, to the RNA sequence to the protein sequence, DNA -> RNA-> protein. | 34 | |
| 789249615 | lac operon | gene system with a promoter, an operator gene, and three structural genes that control lactose metabolism in E.coli | 35 | |
| 789249616 | E. coli | a common bacteria often used in molecular biology | 36 | |
| 789249617 | prokaryote | a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria). | 37 | |
| 789249618 | eukaryote | a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (animal and plant cells). | 38 | |
| 789249619 | Barr body | inactivated X chromosome visible in the nucleus of human normal females. | 39 | |
| 790321830 | codon | a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid (i.e. AAA, AUC, CGG) | 40 | |
| 790321832 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 41 | |
| 790400327 | amino acid | basic building blocks of protein molecules, carried by the tRNA to the ribosome (arg, ile, or tyr for example) | 42 | |
| 792985446 | meiosis | cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, resulting in 4 genetically different cells | 43 | |
| 792985447 | mitosis | cell division of somatic cells, resulting in 2 genetically identical cells | 44 | |
| 792988331 | Lamarck | naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics | 45 | |
| 792988332 | Darwin | naturalist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection | 46 | |
| 808395707 | GM crop | genetically modified | 47 | |
| 808395708 | transformation | modification of a bacteria or other cell by the uptake and expression of foreign DNA | 48 | |
| 808397110 | transgenic | organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species | 49 |
