Mr. Heilman's Semester exam vocab
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| 123451778 | Active site | Region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs | |
| 123451779 | Allele | alternative form of a gene - _____s occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes | |
| 123451780 | Amino Acid | Organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules | |
| 123451781 | Anticodon | Three-base sequence in a tRNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA | |
| 123451782 | ATP | Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. Breaking it down makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells. | |
| 123451783 | Autosome | any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair | |
| 123451784 | Autotroph | Organism that can capture energy and synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients | |
| 123451785 | Binary Fission | Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria | |
| 123451786 | Calvin cycle reaction | Portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and can occur in the dark; it uses the products of the light reactions to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate | |
| 123451787 | CAM | Plant that fixes carbon dioxide at night to produce a C4 molecule that releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle during the day; ____ stands for crassulacean-acid metabolism | |
| 123451788 | cDNA | complementary DNA - | |
| 123451789 | Cellulose | Polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in the plant cell walls | |
| 123451790 | Centriole | Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division | |
| 123451791 | Chloroplast | Membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place | |
| 123451792 | Chromatin | Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing | |
| 123451793 | Chromosome | Structure of DNA complexed with proteins that transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organism to the next generation | |
| 123451794 | Codominance | Inheritance pattern in which both alleles of a gene are equally expressed | |
| 123451795 | Codon | Three-base sequence in messenger RNA that causes the insertion of a particular amino acid into a protein, or termination of translation | |
| 123451796 | Crossing-over | Exchange of segments between nonsister chromatids of a bivalent during meiosis | |
| 123451797 | Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis | |
| 123451798 | Deletion | change in chromosome structure in which the end of a chromosome breaks off or two simultaneous breaks lead to the loss of an internal segment; often causes abnormalities; cri du chat syndrome | |
| 123451799 | Deletion | Point mutation that deletes at gene from a DNA sequence | |
| 123451800 | Diffusion | Movement of molecules or ions form a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tens to lead to an equal distribution | |
| 123451801 | Diploid (2n) number | Cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present | |
| 123451802 | DNA polymerase | During replication, nd enzyme that joins the nucleotides complementary to a DNA template | |
| 123451803 | Dominant allele | allele that exerts its phenotypic effect in the heterozygote; it masks the expression of the recessive allele | |
| 123451804 | Double Helix | double-stranded (DNA) (shape); held together by hydrogen bonds between pyrimidine and purine bases | |
| 123451805 | Down Syndrome | a trisomy of chromosome 21 | |
| 123451806 | Electron transport system | Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bounded electron carrier molecules from a high to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP. | |
| 123451807 | Electrophoresis | the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field | |
| 123451808 | Entropy | Measure of disorder or randomness | |
| 123451809 | Enzyme | Organic catalyst, usually a protein that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape. | |
| 123451810 | Epistasis | inheritance pattern in which one gene masks the expression of another gene that is at a different locus and is independently inherited | |
| 123451811 | Eukaryotic | type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya | |
| 123451812 | Exothermic | gives off heat during reactions | |
| 123451813 | Fermentation | Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate | |
| 123451814 | Gene | Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited - one from each parent | |
| 123451815 | Genotype | genes of an organism for a particular trait or traits; often designated by letters - for example, BB or Aa | |
| 123451816 | Glucose | six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration | |
| 123451817 | Glycogen | storage polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous brances | |
| 123451818 | Glycolysis | Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and the end product pyruvate | |
| 123451819 | Golgi Apparatus | Organelle consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell | |
| 123451820 | Heterozygous | posessing unlike alleles for a particular trait | |
| 123451821 | (Homologous chromosome) Homologue | Member of a (homologous) pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the first meiotic division. | |
| 123451822 | Homozygous | Possesing two identical alleles for a particular trait | |
| 123451823 | Human Genome Project | map that shows sequence of base pairs along human chromosomes | |
| 123451824 | Hydrolysis (reaction) | Splitting of a compounded by the addition of water, with the (H+) being incorporated in one fragment and the (OH-) the other | |
| 123451825 | Hydrophillic | Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water | |
| 123451826 | Hypertonic solution | Higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis | |
| 123451827 | Hypotonic solution | Lower solute (more water concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis) | |
| 123451828 | Incomplete dominance | inheritance pattern in which the offspring has an intermediate phenotype, as when a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant produce pink-flowered offspring | |
| 123451829 | Insertion | Mutation of adding a gene to a DNA sequence | |
| 123451830 | Interphase | Stage of the cell cycle (G1,S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing | |
| 123451831 | Intron | Noncoding region of a eukaryotic gene; ______ are transcribed but removed from rRNA before mRNA leaves the nucleus | |
| 123451832 | Inversion | change in chromosome structure in which a segment of a chromosome is turned around 180 degrees; this reversed sequence of genes can lead to altered gene activity and abnormalities | |
| 123451833 | Karyotype | chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size, shape, and general appearance in mitotic metaphase | |
| 123451834 | Kinetic energy | Energy associated with motion | |
| 123451835 | Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle) | Cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begins with citric acid. It breaks down an acetyl group and produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 | |
| 123451836 | Lactose | sugar in milk | |
| 123451837 | Ligase (DNA Ligase) | seals DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme | |
| 123451838 | Loci | the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome | |
| 123451839 | Meiosis | Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction, in which the daughter cells recive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations | |
| 123451840 | Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and repair | |
| 123451841 | Mitochondria | Membrane-bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration | |
| 123451842 | Mitosis | Process in which a parent nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus | |
| 123451843 | Monomer | small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer - e.g., glucose is a _____ of starch | |
| 123451844 | mRNA (messenger RNA) | Type of RNA formed form a DNA template and bearing coded information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide | |
| 123451845 | Nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes or daughter chromosomes to separate during meiosis I and meiosis II | |
| 123451846 | Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group | |
| 123451847 | Organelle | small , often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function | |
| 123451848 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane | |
| 123451849 | PCR (polymerase chain reaction) | technique that uses the enzyme DNA polymerase to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA | |
| 123451850 | Pedigree | a record of ancestry used by genealogists the study human family lines or breeding of animals | |
| 123451851 | Peptide bond | type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids | |
| 123451852 | Phagocytosis | Process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole | |
| 123451853 | Phenotype | visible expression of a genotype - e.g., brown eyes or attached earlobes | |
| 123451854 | Phospholipid | Molecule that forms the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails | |
| 123451855 | Photosystem | Photosynthetic unit where solar energy is absorbed and high-energy electrons are generated; contains a pigment complex an electron acceptor; occurs as PS I and PS II | |
| 123451856 | Pinocytosis | Process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecueles into the cell | |
| 123451857 | Pleiotropy | inheritance pattern in which one gene affects many phenotypic characteristics of the individual | |
| 123451858 | Point mutation | change of one base only in the sequence of bases in a gene | |
| 123451859 | Polymer | Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a _______ of monomers called amino acids | |
| 123451860 | Potential energy | Stored energy as a result of location or spatial arrangement | |
| 123451861 | Prokaryotic | Lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea | |
| 123451862 | Purine | Type of nitrogen-containing base, such as adenine and guanine, having a double-ring structure | |
| 123451863 | Pyrimidine | Type of nitrogen-containing base such as cytosine, thymine, and uracil, having a single-ring structure | |
| 123451864 | Recessive allele | allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote; its expression is masked by a dominant allele | |
| 123451865 | Restriction Enzyme | Bacterial enzyme that stops viral reproduction by cleaving viral DNA; used to cut DNA at specific points during production of recombinant DNA | |
| 123451866 | ribosome | Enzyme that carries out mRNA processing | |
| 123451867 | RNA (ribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms. | |
| 123451868 | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | Type of RNA found in ribsomes that translate mRNAs to produce proteins | |
| 123451869 | Rubisco | an enzyme that starts the Calvin cycle reactions by catalyzing attachment of the carbon atom from CO2 to RUBP | |
| 123451870 | Sex chromosome | chromosome that determines the sex of an individual; in humans, females have two X chromosomes, and males have an X and a Y chromosome | |
| 123451871 | Southern Blotting | A method used to detect a specific DNA sequence in samples of DNA | |
| 123451872 | Substrate | Reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme | |
| 123451873 | Synapsis | Pairing of homolgous chromosomes during meiosis I | |
| 123451874 | Transcription | Process whereby a DNA strand serves as a template for the formation of mRNA | |
| 123451875 | Translation | Process whereby ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to produce a polypeptide with a particular sequence of amino acids | |
| 123451876 | tRNA (transfer RNA) | Type of RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis; at one end, it binds to the amino acid, and at the other end it has an anticodon that bins to an mRNA codon | |
| 123451877 | Turgor pressure | Pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall; in plant cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole and provides internal support. | |
| 123451878 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. | |
| 123451879 | Vacuole | Membrane-boundeded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. | |
| 124450908 | Probe | Known sequence of a single strand of DNA |
