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| 7486351810 | Heredity | The Biological transmission of physical and mental characteristics from parent to offspring. | 0 | |
| 7486357212 | Phenotypes | The observable physical charecteristics of an organism such as shape and color | 1 | |
| 7486361532 | Alleles | Alternative forms of a given gene. Humans have two alleles at each gene location on the chromosome, one from each parent | 2 | |
| 7486367661 | Genes | The basic biological units of heredity. Genes contain the inherited information for the particular parts of a cell that control or influence the growth, appearance, and other physical characteristics of living things. | 3 | |
| 7486377433 | Mutation | A random alteration that suddenly occurs in the DNA sequence of a gene, altering gene expression. | 4 | |
| 7486390209 | Dominant | In genetics, when a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene, the characteristics of the dominant gene are expressed. | 5 | |
| 7486391989 | Recessive | In genetics, heritable characteristics that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents. | 6 | |
| 7486395795 | Genotype | An individual's collection of genes; also, the two alleles inherited for a particular gene. The genotype is expressed when the gene's DNA is used to make protein and RNA molecules. | 7 | |
| 7486400823 | Homozygous | When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive. | 8 | |
| 7486404094 | Heterozygous | Having one of each of two different alleles. | 9 | |
| 7486408054 | Genetics | The study of heredity, or how the characteristics of living things are transmitted from one generation to the next. | 10 | |
| 7486409084 | Nucleus | The command center of the cell that contains the genetic code, which directs the cell's functioning. | 11 | |
| 7486413911 | Chromosomes | Threadlike structures in the nucleus of every living cell containing the DNA instructions passed from parents to offspring. | 12 | |
| 7486418845 | Sex Chromosomes | The chromosome pair, differently shaped from other chromosomes, decisive for determining the sex of an offspring, XX for female and XY for male. | 13 | |
| 7486421055 | DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic acid) | The unit of inheritance. The double-strand molecular component of chromosomes that carries an organism's genetic information. | 14 | |
| 7486430178 | Nucleotide Bases | The chemical building blocks of DNA, appearing as the base pairs adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. | 15 | |
| 7486438483 | Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | A single-strand molecule, similar to DNA but with the base uracil instead of thymine. | 16 | |
| 7486444250 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | The type of RNA that transmits the DNA's prescriptions to a ribosome for protein manufacture within the cell. | 17 | |
| 7486451586 | Amino Acids | The organic compounds that combine to make proteins. | 18 | |
| 7486453226 | Genome | The complete set of genes for a given species. | 19 | |
| 7486461487 | Human Genome Project | A large-scale research project completed in 2000 to decode and sequence the nearly 3 billion nucleotide base pairs of human DNA. | 20 | |
| 7486462342 | Enzyme | A protein that facilitates a chemical reaction but is not changed by it. | 21 | |
| 7486467423 | Epigenetics | Changes in phenotypic expression caused, not by changes in DNA sequence, but by variations in the life experience or the environment of an organism. | 22 | |
| 7486471468 | Case Studies | Investigations of individual examples, such as of a patient with a brain injury. | 23 | |
| 7486486178 | Confounding Variables | Variables other than the independent variable of interest that may aff dependent variables under study. | 24 | |
| 7486493106 | Electroencephalography (EEG Scan) | A technique using electrodes at regularly spaced intervals on the scalp to measure brain activity by detecting the electrical activity of large populations of a brain's cells. | 25 | |
| 7486496923 | Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) | The small voltages resulting while recording the brain's electroencephalography response to a specific task, stimulus, or event. | 26 | |
| 7486541233 | Single-Unit Recording | A research technique using a microelectrode positioned to record the activity of a single neuron. | 27 | |
| 7486547869 | Computed Tomography (CT) | A scanning technique using X-rays and computer technology to generate cross-sectional views of neuroanatomy. | 28 | |
| 7486558703 | Position Emission Tomography (PET) | A scanning technique that provides real-time images of functioning in areas of the brain by observing the metabolism of radioactive glucose by the brain. | 29 | |
| 7486560950 | Glucose | A simple sugar, considered a fuel for the brain. | 30 | |
| 7486565117 | Placebo | An inactive substance, administered in experiments to compare with the effects of administering the substance under study. | 31 | |
| 7486581823 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | A high-resolution scanning technique utilizing a powerful magnetic field to detect brain structure. | 32 | |
| 7486599642 | Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) | Technique that uses the movement of water in the brain to detect characteristics in the fibers composing the white matter, or the communication pathways, in the brain | 33 | |
| 7486623289 | Functional MRI (fMRI) | The scanning technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation in different areas. | 34 | |
| 7486633340 | Cognitive Neuroscience | The exploration of brain functions that accompany various cognitive functions such as perception, memory, and language. | 35 | |
| 7486636718 | Animal Models | The substitution of a specific animal species as an experimental subject in a scientific investigation when the use of a human subject is not appropriate. | 36 | |
| 7486644938 | Sham Lesion | A surgical operation analogous to a placebo that includes the anesthesia, incision, and postoperative care, but omits the lesion that is under study, used as an experimental control | 37 | |
| 7486650370 | Stereotaxic surgery | Precision surgery using a spatial coordinate apparatus to pinpoint locations within the body during operations with minimal collateral damage. | 38 | |
| 7486656336 | Stereotaxic Apparatus | A precise surgical instrument composed of an orthogonal frame of reference using a set of three coordinates in the x-, y-, and z-axes. | 39 | |
| 7486659567 | Stereotaxic Atlas | A guidebook or brain atlas used to ascertain the location of a brain area of interest based on the locations of specific anatomical landmarks. | 40 | |
| 7486661334 | Bregma | The connection point between parts of the skull at the top of the head. | 41 | |
| 7486666388 | Gene Knockout | A genetic engineering research approach in which a specific targeted gene is rendered inoperative to determine the impact on the test animal's function. | 42 | |
| 7486675729 | Field Research | Observations conducted in a subject's natural habitat, whereby limitations of a laboratory environment can be avoided. | 43 | |
| 7486678614 | Validity | The degree to which a chosen test actually measures what the researcher seeks to measure. | 44 | |
| 7486686410 | Darwins Theory Of Natural Selection | Emphasizes that species adapted to their environments (The physical context of their habitats) tend to have higher survival rates. Survivors produce more offspring, thereby increasing the proportion of organisms in each succeeding generation with the adaptive traits. | 45 | |
| 7486707588 | Tinbergen's Four Questions | 46 | ||
| 7486754525 | Biofeedback Techniques | Practices that use one's thoughts to control functions that are usually considered involuntary, such as heart rate or blood flow. | 47 | |
| 7486761705 | Insular Cortex | A portion of the cerebral cortex that reports on the state of the body to other brain regions by integrating input both from within the body and from the external environment. Also known as insula. | 48 | |
| 7486768666 | Insula | A portion of the cerebral cortex that reports on the state of the body to other brain regions by integrating input both from within the body and from the external environment. Also known as insula Cortex. | 49 | |
| 7486776980 | Cerebral Cortex | The brain's outer layer of neurons. | 50 | |
| 7488464612 | Neuron | A nerve cell, the fundamental unit of the nervous system. | 51 | |
| 7488472352 | Histological Technique | Method to study the microscopic structure and cellular organization of body tissues. | 52 | |
| 7488473938 | Soma | A prominent cell body that encloses a collection of microstructures found in all cells throughout the body. | 53 | |
| 7488481718 | Dendrites | The branching portions of the neuron that typically extend from multiple points on the soma. Named after the Greek word for "tree" because of their similarity to a tree's branches. | 54 | |
| 7488484964 | Axons | Specialized extensions of the neuron that receive neural messages and propagate them away from the soma to another nerve cell. | 55 | |
| 7488486271 | Dendritic Spines | Small protrusions located throughout the dendritic processes, or branches, that greatly increase the surface area of a nerve cell. | 56 | |
| 7488493356 | Multipolar Nurons | The most common shape of neuron in the nervous system, with multiple dendrites extending from a single soma. | 57 | |
| 7488503366 | Axon Hillock | The gate of the axon through which nerve signals enter the neuron. [2] | 58 | |
| 7488506638 | Myelin Sheath | Found in many vertebrate axons, the special insulating covering that ensures the strength and speed of a nerve signal. | 59 | |
| 7488510797 | Nodes Of Ranvier | Tiny gaps between segments of myelin sheath in a neuronal axon. | 60 | |
| 7488516147 | Terminal Ending | The end of an axon where a nerve impulse or message is transmitted to another neuron or to nonneuronal tissue, such as a muscle or gland. | 61 | |
| 7488525211 | Bipolar Neuron | A nerve cell with two processes extending from the soma (a dendrite and an axon), generally found in sensory areas of the brain. | 62 | |
| 7488576044 | Unipolar Neuron | A nerve cell with one process extending from the cell body that divides into an axonal and dendritic segment, generally found in sensory areas of the brain. | 63 | |
| 7488582136 | Glia | A class of nerve cell distinct from neurons, once thought to merely support neurons, but more recently believed to also have other critical ongoing functions. | 64 | |
| 7488586304 | Astrocytes | The most abundant type of glial cell. Star-shape cells that fill the spaces between neurons and transport nutrients from blood vessels to the neurons; also regulate the blood flow and chemical environs of the brain. | 65 | |
| 7488595268 | Blood-Brain Barrier | The brain's primary security system. Acts as a filter and protects the brain from potentially harmful substances. | 66 | |
| 7488599494 | Microglia | Smaller glial cells that monitor the microenvironment of the nervous system and serve to protect the brain by cleaning up dead cells and cellular debris. | 67 | |
| 7488634839 | Oligodendrocytes | The type of glial cells that make up the myelin sheath that encapsulates axons of myelinated neurons located within the brain and spinal cord. They have multiple projections, each serving as one segment of the neuron's myelin sheath. Also known as oligodendroglia. | 68 | |
| 7488641670 | Schwann Cell | Pancake-shape glial cells that wrap their entire cell body around the axon of myelinated neurons located outside of the brain and spinal cord. | 69 | |
| 7488650252 | Cerebellum | Literally, "little brain." A large neural structure that dangles off the dorsal section of the brainstem. It regulates balance and motor coordination and contains up to 80% of all the brain's neurons. | 70 | |
| 7488714184 | Ganglia | Clusters of neurons; singular ganglion. | 71 | |
| 7488726791 | Central Nervous System (CNS) | The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. | 72 | |
| 7488731373 | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The part of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord. | 73 | |
| 7488736455 | Tracts | The cabled axons found within the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). | 74 | |
| 7488741106 | Nerves | The cabled axons extending beyond the central nervous system that travel to various sites in the peripheral nervous system. Also called peripheral nerves. | 75 | |
| 7488746313 | Afferent Nerves | The sensory nerves that transmit information from the environment or other body areas toward the central nervous system. | 76 | |
| 7488748481 | Sensory Neurons | The neurons that detect incoming information from the environment and body areas. | 77 | |
| 7488752479 | Motor Neurons | Neurons involved in initiating movement. | 78 | |
| 7488758742 | Interneurons | Neurons that transmit impulses between other neurons. | 79 | |
| 7488767110 | Efferent Nerves | Motor nerves; the nerves that are activated to cause movement. | 80 | |
| 7488768391 | Cranial Nerves | The 12 nerves that exit various areas of the brain and extend to target destinations in the head, face, and shoulder region. They have primarily motor, sensory, or mixed (motor and sensory) functions. | 81 | |
| 7488768392 | Spinal Nerves | he left-right pairs of nerves that shuttle information to and from all areas of the body. There are 31 pairs in humans, including 8 cervical spinal nerve pairs, 12 thoracic spinal nerve pairs, 5 lumbar spinal nerve pairs, 5 sacral spinal nerve pairs, and 1 coccygeal spinal nerve pair. | 82 | |
| 7488770507 | Dermatome | A distinct area of skin served by a single spinal nerve. | 83 | |
| 7489138892 | Somatic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that generally controls voluntary movement. | 84 | |
| 7489140579 | Automatic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate or digestion. | 85 | |
| 7489146475 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | The part of the autonomic nervous system that reestablishes normal baseline functions after a threat has passed. It extends from the cranial and sacral areas of the spinal cord and has long preganglionic fibers and short post- ganglionic fibers that extend to the final organ destination. | 86 | |
| 7489147652 | Fight or Flight Response | A term that refers to the function of the sympathetic nervous system in preparing the body for strenuous physical responses to threats. | 87 | |
| 7489149155 | Neurogenesis | The process whereby the adult mammalian brain can create new neurons in certain brain areas. | 88 | |
| 7489149687 | Hormones | 89 | ||
| 7489149688 | Rostral | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the front or mouth." Also known as anterior. | 90 | |
| 7489151290 | Anterior | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the front or mouth." Also known as Rostral. | 91 | |
| 7489152078 | Caudal | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the tail." Also known as posterior. | 92 | |
| 7489152079 | Posterior | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the tail." Also known as Caudal. | 93 | |
| 7489153835 | Dorsal | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the top or back." | 94 | |
| 7489154394 | Ventral | 95 | ||
| 7489154395 | Medial | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the center." | 96 | |
| 7489155410 | Lateral | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "toward the side." | 97 | |
| 7489155411 | Proximal | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "closer" to the central nervous system. | 98 | |
| 7489156693 | Distal | A specific term of anatomical direction meaning "farther" from the central nervous system. | 99 | |
| 7489169569 | Medulla Oblongata | The most ventral (lower) area of the brain through which neural information enters from the spinal cord, regulating fundamental life-supporting systems such as respiration, blood pressure, arousal, and muscle tone. | 100 | |
| 7489257138 | Brainstem | The base of the brain connecting with the spinal cord. Formed by the medulla oblongata (or myelencephalon), the pons, and the midbrain. | 101 | |
| 7493163970 | Metencephalon | The brain area just above the medulla oblongata, containing the pons and the cerebellum. | 102 | |
| 7493178713 | Pons | From the Latin term for bridge. A structure in the metencephalon, the bulge on the ventral side of the brain rich in nervefiber pathways that transfer information to more dorsal (upper) areas and from one side of the brain to the other. | 103 | |
| 7493181619 | Recticular Formation | The cluster of nuclei and fibers located throughout the central area of the brainstem. | 104 | |
| 7493183370 | Nuclei | In neuroanatomy, the clusters of neurons in the midbrain where fine-tuned sensory and motor messages interact, enhancing responsiveness to complex environments. Singular, nucleus. | 105 | |
| 7493183371 | Tectum | Literally, "roof." The region of the midbrain that contains two sets of nuclei related to sensory processing, the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi. | 106 | |
| 7493185841 | Tegmentum | Literally, "floor." A region of the midbrain composed of several nuclei, including the most dorsal region of the reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray central region, and the substantia nigra. | 107 | |
| 7493189089 | Superior Colliculi | A left-right pair of nuclei in the tectum of the midbrain important for processing visual information. | 108 | |
| 7493195581 | Inferior Colliculi | A set of nuclei in the tectum of the midbrain important for processing and localizing auditory information. | 109 | |
| 7493198512 | Periaqueductal Gray | 110 | ||
| 7493201319 | Substantia Nigra | 111 | ||
| 7493205860 | Red Nucleus | A pinkish area, prominent within the substantia nigra region of the tegmentum in the midbrain, that seems to have evolved as limbs (such as arms) evolved because it plays a role in limb movement. | 112 | |
| 7493319700 | Cerebral Hemispheres | The two sides of the brain, left and right, above the brainstem. | 113 | |
| 7493324527 | Corpus Callosum | The thick band of myelinated axons that connects the dorsal sections of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. | 114 | |
| 7493328267 | Anterior Commissure | A thick band of myelinated axons, providing more ventral communication between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. | 115 | |
| 7493329533 | White Matter | Myelinated axons of the brain. | 116 | |
| 7493329534 | Gray Matter | Neuronal cell bodies in the brain. | 117 | |
| 7493331154 | Thalamus | An evolutionarily old brain structure; part of the diencephalon, consisting of two large egg-shape structures, one in each hemisphere, and composed of several nuclei that filter and direct all sensory stimuli (except smell) to higher areas in the cerebral cortex. | 118 | |
| 7493340111 | Hypothalamus | A brain structure below the thalamus, prominent in motivational systems. | 119 | |
| 7493340112 | Pituitary Gland | The size of a pea, a component of the endocrine system (the body's hormonal system), located beneath the hypo- thalamus, that triggers the release of various hormones related to fertility, growth, and anxiety, among others. | 120 | |
| 7493342882 | Basal Ganglia | A subcortical brain structure located in the telencephalon and composed of the caudate, globus pallidus, and putamen that modulates complex information processing critical for the regulation of movement. | 121 | |
| 7493342883 | Caudate | A component of the basal ganglia (along with the globus pallidus and the putamen) located in the telencephalon and critical for the regulation of movement. | 122 | |
| 7493346602 | Globus Pallidus | 123 | ||
| 7493348905 | Putamen | 124 | ||
| 7493351603 | Parkinson's Disease | 125 | ||
| 7493351604 | Limbic System | A subcortical system of the telencephalon consisting of a collection of structures (the fornix, septum, amygdala, cingulum, and hippocampus) that surround the thalamus and are involved in the regulation of emotional expression as seen in mammals. | 126 | |
| 7493355122 | Amygdala | A limbic structure closely associated with fear. | 127 | |
| 7493358017 | Hippocampus | A limbic structure activated by stress hormones involved in learning and memory. | 128 | |
| 7493358018 | Gyri | The bulges of the cerebral cortex; singular, gyrus. | 129 | |
| 7493360993 | Sulci | he grooves of the cerebral cortex; singular, sulcus. | 130 | |
| 7493360994 | Frontal Lobe | One of the four large areas of the cerebral cortex, involved in interpreting sensory information. | 131 | |
| 7493364443 | Parietal Lobe | One of the four large areas of the cerebral cortex, involved in interpreting sensory information. | 132 | |
| 7493368819 | Occipital Lobe | One of the four large areas of the cerebral cortex, involved in visual processing. | 133 | |
| 7493374978 | Temporal Lobe | One of the four large areas of the cerebral cortex, involved in hearing, language, visual processing, and emotional processing. | 134 | |
| 7493374979 | Primary Motor Cortex | A region in the frontal lobe controlling motor function. | 135 | |
| 7493383272 | Primary Somatosensory Cortex | 136 | ||
| 7494162695 | Lateralization | 137 | ||
| 7494165486 | Split Brain Patients | 138 | ||
| 7494167943 | Planum Temporale | 139 | ||
| 7494170850 | Ventricles | 140 | ||
| 7494172517 | Cerebrospinal Fluid | 141 | ||
| 7494174914 | Choroid Plexus | 142 | ||
| 7494181944 | Meninges | 143 | ||
| 7494196004 | Dara Mater | 144 | ||
| 7494196095 | Pia Mater | 145 | ||
| 7494200516 | Stress Response | 146 | ||
| 7494202439 | Immune System | 147 | ||
| 7494209142 | Corticotropin-releasing Hormone | 148 | ||
| 7494214923 | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | 149 | ||
| 7494222446 | Glucocorticoids | 150 | ||
| 7494272045 | Hypothalamic-Pituitary- | 151 |
