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| 10218386122 | What does a fMRI do? | detects changes in blood flow in areas of the brain localises brain function ptts shown pictures/asked questions/to imagine things and researchers can see which brain points are activated | 0 | |
| 10218386647 | strengths of fMRI | doesn't rely on radiation, non invasive and risk free | 1 | |
| 10218387947 | weaknesses of fMRI | expensive requires patient to be still for a long time 5 second lag between brain activity and picture on screen cannot measure down to individual neutrons, only area of blood flow | 2 | |
| 10218396082 | What does an EEG do? | measures electrical activity in the brain via a cap with electrodes on the scalp produces a scan which shows brainwave patterns generated form millions of firing neutrons detects unusual arrhythmic patterns used in diagnosis of epilepsy | 3 | |
| 10700325428 | identify 2 sub systems of nervous system | CNS central nervous system PNS peripheral nervous system | 4 | |
| 10700331951 | identify the two parts of the CNS | brain and spinal cord | 5 | |
| 10700336277 | whats the function of the spinal cord | relays info between brain and body | 6 | |
| 10700372527 | identify 2 divisions of PNS | SNS romantic ANS autonomic | 7 | |
| 10700380742 | what two types of actions are controlled by SNS | voluntary reflexes | 8 | |
| 10700385089 | what two types of actions are controlled by ANS | non-voluntary | 9 | |
| 10700412445 | somatic nervous system | voluntary and reflexes | 10 | |
| 10700419805 | autonomic nervous system | non-voluntary | 11 | |
| 10700438573 | two branches of ANS | sympathetic and parasympathetic | 12 | |
| 10700454209 | whats the sympathetic branch of the ANS in control of | fight or flight | 13 | |
| 10700459495 | what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic branch if the ANS release | adrenaline | 14 | |
| 10700464802 | whats the parasympathetic branch of the ANS in control of | rest and digest | 15 | |
| 10700467473 | what neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic branch if the ANS release | acetylcholine | 16 | |
| 10700480056 | whats symptoms does the sympathetic brach have on the body | inhibits digestion increases breathing dilates pupils inhibits saliva production | 17 | |
| 10700488430 | whats symptoms does the parasympathetic brach have on the body | heart rate returns to normal stimulates digestion | 18 | |
| 10700497118 | name three types of neutrons | sensory, motor and relay | 19 | |
| 10700501542 | explain the function of sensory neurons | carry information from senses to brains | 20 | |
| 10700504112 | explain the function of motor neurons | send information telling body what to do | 21 | |
| 10700504113 | explain the function of relay neurons | links sensory to morot in CNS | 22 | |
| 10721990627 | what is the role of dendrites in the process of synaptic transmission? | they carry electrical signals into the cell body | 23 | |
| 10721997601 | whats a synapse? | a microscopic gap between axons and dendrites | 24 | |
| 10722004676 | transmission along nerves is ... | ...electrical | 25 | |
| 10722025796 | transmission between nerves is ... | ...chemical | 26 | |
| 10722015909 | electrical signals travel along what, away from the synapse? | dendrite | 27 | |
| 10722032347 | whats another name for the end of a neuron? | synaptic terminal | 28 | |
| 10722045205 | what happens when the electrical signal reaches the synaptic terminal? | release of neurotransmitters | 29 | |
| 10722054941 | what neurotransmitters are released when an electrical signal reaches the synaptic terminal? | serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenaline | 30 | |
| 10722072215 | what must neurotransmitters bind to in order to cross a synapse? | the post-synaptic receptor site | 31 | |
| 10722079704 | define excitation | when a neurotransmitter increases the + charge of the neuron, increasing the likelihood of the neuron firing | 32 | |
| 10722096506 | name an excitatory neurotransmitter | adrenaline, acetylcholine | 33 | |
| 10722103084 | define inhibition | when a neurotransmitter increases the negative charge of the neuron, decreasing the likelihood of the neuron firing | 34 | |
| 10722125218 | name an inhibitory neurotransmitter | serotonin | 35 | |
| 10722136521 | whats is the endocrine system made up of? | glands | 36 | |
| 10722145741 | what is the endocrine system responsible for transmitting? | hormones | 37 | |
| 10722150515 | what medium do hormones travel through? | bloodstream | 38 | |
| 10722160785 | identify difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of how the act, and effects | how they act -NS acts rapidly and directly controls body -ES acts slower and has more indirect control effects -NS has local and short lived effects -ES has diffuse and longer lasting effects | 39 | |
| 10722191899 | what part of the brain directs all endocrine glands? | hypothalamus | 40 | |
| 10722198926 | which gland is the master gland? | pituitary gland | 41 | |
| 10722205816 | why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland? | releases its own hormones, and also controls release of hormones that effect other glands | 42 | |
| 10722220694 | what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? | ACHT, oxytocin | 43 | |
| 10722225044 | where is ACHT released from? | anterior pituitary gland | 44 | |
| 10722246455 | where is oxytocin released from? | anterior pituitary gland | 45 | |
| 10722234724 | which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is involved in the stress response? | ACHT | 46 | |
| 10722261197 | which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is involved in attachment? | oxytocin | 47 | |
| 10722271868 | which gland is involved in fight or flight? | adrenal gland | 48 | |
| 10722276701 | where are adrenal glands located? | on top of the kidneys | 49 | |
| 10722285955 | from where in the adrenal gland is adrenaline released? | adrenal cortex | 50 | |
| 10722293693 | what hormone is released by the ovaries? | oestrogen | 51 | |
| 10722298380 | what does oestrogen regulate? | menstrual cycle | 52 | |
| 10722309219 | which behaviour is testosterone associated with? | aggression | 53 | |
| 10722314874 | which systems are involved in the fight or flight response? | endocrine system, sympathetic branch of nervous system | 54 | |
| 10722326363 | what is the fight or flight a response to? | stress | 55 | |
| 10722341489 | endocrine system in fight or flight response | STRESSOR -> hypothalamus -> message to pituitary gland -> ACTH released -> adrenal cortex stimulated -> cortisol released | 56 | |
| 10722359029 | what hormone is released by the endocrine system in response to fight or flight? | cortisol | 57 | |
| 10722366634 | how does cortisol prepare the body to deal with stressors? | provides supply of glucose for energy | 58 | |
| 10722370383 | negative long-term effects of regularly high cortisol | surpassed immune system, wounds heal slowly, more illness ect. | 59 | |
| 10722386054 | sympathetic branch of the nervous system in fight or flight | STRESSOR -> adrenal medulla -> releases adrenaline and non adrenaline | 60 | |
| 10722412195 | what are the physiological effects of adrenaline in fight or flight? | increased heart rate increased blood flow to brain and muscles | 61 | |
| 10722423179 | how does adrenaline help people in fight or flight? | increased heart and blood flow -> increased energy -> increased blood flow to brain -> faster decision making | 62 | |
| 10722440121 | negative long term effects of regular high adrenaline levels | increased blood pressure and heart disease | 63 | |
| 10722447766 | define 'localisation of function' | different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviours, processes or activities | 64 | |
| 10722451801 | name the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal | 65 | |
| 10722466591 | whats the main cortex in the frontal lobe? | motor cortex | 66 | |
| 10722466692 | whats the main cortex in the parietal lobe? | somatosensory cortex | 67 | |
| 10722468874 | whats the main cortex in the occipital lobe? | visual cortex | 68 | |
| 10722468875 | whats the main cortex in the temporal lobe? | auditory cortex | 69 | |
| 10722488806 | explain the term 'hemispheric lateralisation' | one hemisphere of the brain is specialised for particular functions | 70 | |
| 10722503292 | what does it mean that the brain is contra-lateral? | to do with lateralisation, left hemisphere controls right side, and right hemisphere controls left | 71 | |
| 10722513966 | which part of the brain is responsible for language? | Broca's area | 72 | |
| 10722520276 | where is Broca's area located? | left frontal lobe | 73 | |
| 10722538150 | how did Broca locate Broca's area? | patient 'Tan' had difficulty speaking but could follow instructions | 74 | |
| 10722552180 | which part of the brain is responsible for understanding language? | Wernicke's area | 75 | |
| 10722580287 | where is Wernicke's area located? | left temporal lobe | 76 | |
| 10722604116 | what was Wernicke's evidence for the location of Wernicke's area? | patients produced fluent gibberish, showing lack of understanding | 77 | |
| 10730979581 | what kind of studies are used to look at the brain, and what are some problems with them? | case studies (hard to generalise), natural experiments (damage not manipulated, unsure what/if damage causes disfunction) and post-mortems (cannot check current behaviour) | 78 | |
| 10730987377 | name a modern method used to look at brain cognition | brain scanning | 79 | |
| 10730988893 | outline Pearsons study | brain scanning Broca's are active during reading tasks (producing) Wernike's area active during listening (understanding) | 80 | |
| 10730996444 | what studies support language being located in left hemisphere of the brain e.g. support brain localisation | Brocka, Wernicke and Sperry (split brain) | 81 | |
| 10730998787 | wo conducted research on split brain patients | Sperry | 82 | |
| 10731000762 | what condition was commissurotomy used to treat? | epilepsy | 83 | |
| 10731002067 | what does a commissurotomy involve? | cutting the corpus callous, preventing epileptic discharges crossing both hemispheres making attacks less severe also prevents right and left hemispheres communicating | 84 | |
| 10731013735 | what procedure involves cutting the corpus callous? | commissurotomy | 85 | |
| 10731038507 | outline sperry's procedure | brief exposure to stimuli on one side of viral feels used fixation point in mille of visual field | 86 | |
| 10835473464 | An Infradian rhythm is one that takes ... | more than 24 hours to complete | 87 | |
| 10835480122 | A key example of an Infradian rhythm is the... | .menstrual cycle in women | 88 | |
| 10835485198 | How long does the (average) menstrual cycle last? | 28 days | 89 | |
| 10835493106 | What is the normal range of the cycle? | Between 24 and 35 days | 90 | |
| 10835496514 | Levels of which hormone regulate the menstrual cycle? | Oestrogen | 91 | |
| 10835505987 | What is the effect of rising levels of oestrogen? | Ovary develops and releases egg | 92 | |
| 10835509887 | Which hormone thickens the womb lining? | Progesterone | 93 | |
| 10835516048 | What is the function of progestorone? | Prepares the womb for pregnancy | 94 | |
| 10835518915 | About what % of women believe that their menstrual synchronise? | 80 % | 95 | |
| 10835523827 | Outline the procedure of Stern & McClintock's study of synchronisation | Women's pheromones collected via armpit, applied to upper lip of other women | 96 | |
| 10835531601 | What % of cycles moved closer to the ' doner ? | 68 % | 97 | |
| 10835546215 | Has studies of women who live together found that their cycles synchronise? | Mostly no, e.g., Trevathan | 98 | |
| 10835556852 | Why might the results in these studies conflict with Stern & McClintock's finding? | Dose of pheromone was very strong and directly experienced , i.e. , via upper lip | 99 | |
| 10835560578 | Why might women believe that their menstrual ycles synchronise? | Confirmation bias: notice when they occur together, ignore it when they don't | 100 | |
| 10835565208 | Why might some research find evidence for (apparent) synchronisation? | Chance: women's cycles vary randomly so will often coincide randomly quite often | 101 | |
| 10880334316 | What meant by brain brain plasticity generally? | The ability of the brain to adapt in light of various experiences | 102 | |
| 10880343206 | Explain difference between 'normal plasticity and functional recovery' | 'Normal' plasticity (developmental plasticity) i.e., under normal conditions, over time Functional recovery (adaptive plasticity) i.e. , after brain injury : can the brain recovers so that lost functions are regained? | 103 | |
| 10880344213 | What happens to synapses over childhood adolescence? | Peak at age 2-3, synaptic pruning occurs until adolescence, rarely used connections deleted | 104 | |
| 10880344835 | Identify 2 groups of people for whom research has demonstrated brain plasticity in adulthood | Taxi drivers (Maguire) Medical students (Draganski) | 105 | |
| 10880345368 | In Maguire's study of taxi drivers, what was the difference in the brain between taxi drivers and a control group? | More grey matter in posterior hippocampus | 106 | |
| 10880346460 | What correlation did Maguire also find? | Between time in job and grey matter | 107 | |
| 10880347010 | When were the students in Draganski's study tested? | 3 months before and after final exams | 108 | |
| 10880347580 | Draganski also found differences in the hippocampus after the exams. Where else? | Parietal cortex | 109 | |
| 10880348070 | What do these, and other results, suggest about the brain in adulthood? | That it continues to develop and adapt over the lifetime under 'normal' conditions | 110 | |
| 10880349107 | Name 3 brain processes that enable functional recovery to occur | Axonal sprouting Recruitment of homologous areas on opposite side of the brain (substitution) Adaptive plasticity in adjacent cortical structure | 111 | |
| 10880350436 | Explain what is involved in axonal sprouting | Axons of surviving neurons grow new branches allowing the development of new synaptic pathways; this occurs in most part two weeks after the damage happens | 112 | |
| 10880350914 | Explain what is involved in recruitment of homologous areas | Similar structure in opposite hemisphere takes over functions of damaged parts | 113 | |
| 10880357160 | Explain what is involved in adaptive plasticity in adjacent cortical structure | Neighbouring parts of the brain take over functions of damaged part | 114 | |
| 10880358458 | In the case study of Jody, what illness did she have and how was it treated? | Epilepsy, removal of right hemisphere of brain | 115 | |
| 10880359196 | Which of the above 3 processes must have occurred to allow her to recover? | Recruitment of homologous areas | 116 | |
| 10880360183 | What evidence did Seitz find for recruitment of homologous areas? | Brain scans show that those who have damage to the motor area in one hemisphere display metabolic changes in corresponding motor area n the other hemisphere | 117 | |
| 10880360800 | What factor meant that Jody had a higher chance of recovery than others? | Age:young brain is more adaptable | 118 | |
| 10880361167 | In which group of people did Teuber find age was an important factor in functional recovery? | Soldiers | 119 | |
| 10880361692 | what % of soldiers aged under 20 and over 26 made significant improvement? | Under 20 : 60 % Over 26 : 20 % | 120 | |
| 10880361991 | In the case study of Gabby Giffords, what happened to her? | Shot in head | 121 | |
| 10880362878 | Doctors placed her in the top 5 % in terms of recovery: what probably allowed her to make such a strong recovery | Education /cognitive reserve | 122 | |
| 10880363214 | What had caused the injuries to the group of people studied by Schneider? | Road accidents and falls | 123 | |
| 10880367081 | What % of graduates and high school drop outs made a full recovery in schneiders study | Graduates : 39 % Grop - outs : 10 % | 124 | |
| 10880368292 | Identify 1 possible confounding variable in Teuber's study | Length of time in army/amount of trauma more in older soldiers? | 125 | |
| 10880369509 | Identify 1 possible confounding variable in Schneider's study | (Innate) intelligence: not education itself | 126 | |
| 10880381204 | Name the 4 ways of studying the brain | Scanning techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Electroencephalograms (EEGs) Event related potentials (ERPs) Post- mortem examinations | 127 | |
| 10880382946 | What is the aim of fMRIs and other scanning techniques? | To identify which parts of the brain are involved in cognitive activities, i.e., to identify localisation of function | 128 | |
| 10880384138 | What does the BOLD response stand for? | Blood Oxygen Level Dependent | 129 | |
| 10880385494 | Use this information explain how fMRIs work | fMRIs identify changes/ differences in blood flow, as indicated by oxygen levels, which indicate which areas are more active | 130 | |
| 10880385698 | Which type of resolution is high in fMRIs? | Spatial | 131 | |
| 10880386063 | What does this mean? | fMRIs identify precisely where activity is occurring | 132 | |
| 10880386473 | Which type of resolution is low in fMRIS? | Temporal | 133 | |
| 10880386824 | What does this mean? | fMRIs do not identify precisely when activity is occurring | 134 | |
| 10880387535 | How long is the time lag between activity and measurement in fMRIs | Approximately 5 seconds | 135 | |
| 10880388348 | Identify 2 reasons why fMRIs have largely replaced other scanning techniques | Safer than PET scans (no radiation) More precise than other techniques | 136 | |
| 10880389102 | Identify 2 reasons why fMRIs might not be used as often as researchers might want | Expensive and based in hospitals Scary for some pps to get in | 137 | |
| 10880390043 | EEGs measure the electrical activity of.. | Neurons | 138 | |
| 10880390670 | Activity in the brain is indicated by the shape of | Brain waves | 139 | |
| 10880391321 | In which area of research have EEGs been especially useful? | Stages of sleep (ultradian rhythms) | 140 | |
| 10880393991 | Identify one group of people who display very distinctive brain waves (sometimes) | Epileptics | 141 | |
| 10880394703 | Which type of resolution s high in EEGS? | Temporal | 142 | |
| 10880395573 | Which type of resolution is low in EEGs? | Spatial- they only indicate whole brain activity | 143 | |
| 10880396122 | What is the other main limitation of EEGs? | Do not identify specific brain wave associated with specific mental activities when awake | 144 | |
| 10880396829 | Which of the 2 problems above do ERPs address? | Shape of the wave problem | 145 | |
| 10880397939 | How do they do this? | Give same task numerous times and average results to cancel out 'noise' | 146 | |
| 10880398864 | Do ERPs identify the precise shape of the brain wave thus recorded? | No: too many variables involved | 147 | |
| 10880399887 | Which type of resolution is high and which is low in ERPs? | High: temporal Low: spatial | 148 | |
| 10880401457 | How is the aim of post-mortems similar to that of fMRIs? | To identify localisation of function | 149 | |
| 10880402179 | How do they do this? | Involve individuals who showed cognitive / behavioural deficits while alive, identify areas identified was responsible for ability that was of damage in post-mortem, suggests area deficient | 150 | |
| 10880402883 | What type of experiment can post-mortems be seen as? | Natural: accident/ damage - IV, comparison made to normal functioning | 151 | |
| 10880407600 | Identify 2 classic, 19h century, case studies on localisation of language centres | Broca and Wernicke | 152 | |
| 10880409372 | Gven that they are natural experiment, what problem of causality arises? | Hard to give consent if brain- damaged, impossible after death | 153 | |
| 10880412650 | How long do circadian rhythms last? | 24 hours | 154 | |
| 10880412842 | Circadian rhythms govern whic h cycle? | Sleep wake cycle | 155 | |
| 10880413186 | What term refers to the internal factors that govern the sleep- wake cycle? | Endogenous pacemakers | 156 | |
| 10880414514 | Which part of the brain is the master clock for the sleep-wake cycle? | Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | 157 | |
| 10880414806 | Which chemical is released by the pineal gland? | Melatonin | 158 | |
| 10880415236 | Which part of the brain does the SCN then send messages to? | Pineal gland | 159 | |
| 10880415629 | Which term is used to refer to the external factors that govern the sleep- wake cycle? | Exogenous zeitgebers | 160 | |
| 10880416188 | What is the main exogenous zeitgeber that triggers the release of melatonin | Darkness, i.e., absence of light | 161 | |
| 10880416453 | Apart from at night, when is there also a dip in circadian rhythms | Mid afternoon | 162 | |
| 10880416824 | Which 2 groups of people often sleep at this time? | nfants and the elderly | 163 | |
| 10880417254 | Who found that performance on cognitive tasks was worse in mid- afternoon? | Blake | 164 | |
| 10880417601 | Who did a case study in which he lived in a cave without access to natural light? | Siffre | 165 | |
| 10880417940 | How long was Siffre's cycle? | 25 hours | 166 | |
| 10880420120 | How else has the free- running cycle been investigated? | By bunker studies, in which larger Ns of pps are isolated from natural light | 167 | |
| 10880421601 | What did Aschoff & Wever find in their bunker study? | Cycles were between 24 and 25 hrs | 168 | |
| 10880422837 | Czeisler reviewed cave / bunker studies and found that the average cycle lasted about 25 hours. What did he also find? | That there was a large variation between individuals: between 13 and 65 hours | 169 | |
| 10880423096 | Why would these findings be puzzling on evolutionary grounds? | Why would evolution lead to cycles that were out of sync with the actual length of the day? | 170 | |
| 10880423531 | What methodological problem has been identified with cave /bunker studies? | Pps had voluntary access to artificial light, which may affect the length of the cycle | 171 | |
| 10880424586 | How much variation was there between individuals in Czeisler's study? | Very little: most were 24 hours | 172 | |
| 10880425656 | What did Czeisler find was the average length of the free-running cycle in his bunker study? | Just over 24 hours | 173 | |
| 10880426256 | How has this been investigated? | By bunker studies in which clocks run fast or slow to test if the cycle can be shortened or lengthened respectively | 174 | |
| 10880428224 | To what extent does research suggest that the cycle can be shortened? | Folkard could not shorten it to 22 hours, Czeisler could | 175 | |
| 10880429864 | To what extent does research suggest that the cycle can be lengthened? | Czeisler stretched the cycle out to 28 hours | 176 | |
| 10880430739 | How does what we know about jet lag help us to understand why the cycle cannot be shortened by much, but can be more easily lengthened? | To shorten the cycle requires sleeping earlier than is 'normal', just as travelling East requires going to sleep earlier: this is difficult. To lengthen the cycle requires staying up later than is 'normal', just as travelling West requires staying up later; this is easier | 177 | |
| 10880433029 | Which 2 groups of people are useful test cases for this? | Babies and the blind | 178 | |
| 10880433298 | What has research found about hovw sleep-wake cycles develop in babies? | Random at first, cycle emerges by 6 weeks, full cycles by 16 weeks | 179 | |
| 10880433561 | Identify 2 ways in which this could be interpreted | Cycle develops due to entrainment Cycle is on a maturational timetable i.e. , inconclusive about role of light | 180 | |
| 10880434401 | Summarise results on sleep- wake cycles from studies of the blind, and what they seem to show | Significant disruption to the cycle, and this is worse in the more profoundly blind > strongly suggests that light is a key zeitgeber | 181 | |
| 10880434677 | Identify the other main type of exogenous zeitgeber and 2 examples of this type | Social cues , i.e. meal times and clocks | 182 | |
| 10880436104 | What advice would you give to parents trying to get their babies to develop a regular sleep- wake cycle? | Main sleeps at night and mid- afternoon: exploits natural increases in sleepiness, sleep in absolute darkness to induce release of melatonin, impose sleep schedule Turn on lights to wake baby at end of periods of sleep to maintain regular pattern of sleep /wakefulness Arrange mealtimes significantly before after periods of sleep | 183 | |
| 10880437773 | What is an Ultradian rhythm? | Biological rhythm occurs once in 24 hours | 184 | |
| 10880438147 | What are the 2 types of sleep? | REM and NREM | 185 | |
| 10880438766 | How many stages are there of NREM sleep? | 4 | 186 | |
| 10880439073 | What does REM stand for? | Rapid Eye Movement | 187 | |
| 10880439401 | What does this show about brain activity? | Becoming less active | 188 | |
| 10880439725 | What happens to brain waves as people move from stage 1 of NREM sleep to stage 4? | They become less frequent and less intense | 189 | |
| 10880440082 | Identify the order of the 4 types of brain wave across NREM sleep | Beta- alpha- theta- delta | 190 | |
| 10880441794 | What happens to brain waves in REM sleep? | They become more frequent and intense | 191 | |
| 10880442088 | What do people do in REM sleep? | Dream | 192 | |
| 10880442741 | Roughly how long does each cycle of sleep last? | 90 minutes | 193 | |
| 10880443419 | What happens to the length of stages 3+4 sleep and REM sleep over the course of the night? | 3+4 become shorter; REM becomes longer | 194 | |
| 10880443846 | Why might this happen? | 3+4 allow body to recover more first; REM allows brain to reorganise itself more later | 195 | |
| 10880447636 | Who initially found evidence for Normal sleep hypnogram | Dement & Kleitman | 196 | |
| 10880450406 | What method for studying the brain did Dement & Kleitman use? | EEGS | 197 | |
| 10880450656 | Roughly what % of awakenings of pps during REM sleep led to dream reports? | 80 % | 198 | |
| 10880451339 | Roughly what % of awakenings of pps during REM sleep led to dream reports? | 7 % | 199 | |
| 10880451820 | How might the study lack ecological validity? | Sleeping in lab may disrupt sleep patterns | 200 | |
| 10880452578 | Is this likely to be a big problem? | Seems unlikely it would flip people's brains to have dreams in different stages | 201 | |
| 10880453082 | How was the sample problematic? | Small: N-9, and unrepresentative by gender | 202 | |
| 10880454660 | is this likely to be a big problem? | No. Results very different and replications have confirmed the original findings | 203 |
