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| 15740183062 | Biotechnology | Any technology that uses living organism or substances from those organisms in agriculture, industry, or medicine (farming) | 0 | |
| 15740211082 | What are the 4 organic molecules? | Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids | 1 | |
| 15740216437 | Why are they called organic molecules? | They have a carbon base | 2 | |
| 15740218859 | What type of organic molecule is an enzyme? | Protein | 3 | |
| 15740221779 | Which 2 of the 4 types of organic molecules are involved in genetics? | Proteins Nucleic acids | 4 | |
| 15740223991 | What are the 2 types of Nucleic Acids? | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) | 5 | |
| 15815156483 | What is a "Genome"? | All the DNA in one cell of an organism | 6 | |
| 15815163845 | What is a "Chromosome"? | DNA divided into chunks | 7 | |
| 15815171287 | What is a "Gene"? | A section of DNA | 8 | |
| 15815202124 | How many genomes do humans have? | 3 billion base pairs | 9 | |
| 15815209609 | How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 (23 pairs) | 10 | |
| 15815217472 | How many genes do humans have? | 20,000 | 11 | |
| 15815366367 | What are the 3 parts of a gene | Promoter Coding region Termination sequence | 12 | |
| 15815220053 | Promoter | Region where RNA polymerase attaches (attaches to nucleotide) and initiates transcription | 13 | |
| 15815378914 | Coding region | Where RNA polymerase makes mRNA | 14 | |
| 15815394994 | Termination sequence | RNA polymerase releases from the DNA (end) | 15 | |
| 15815408288 | Chromosomes come in... | Matching pairs (Homologous Pairs) | 16 | |
| 15815418706 | Where did each member of the pair come from? | From the parents | 17 | |
| 15815467918 | What does "XX" represent? | Female | 18 | |
| 15815472397 | What does "XY" represent? | Male | 19 | |
| 15815482070 | Chromosome theory of inheritance | "The two members of each homologous pair of chromosomes carry alleles for the same gene and therefore affect the same trait" - Walter Sutton 1903 | 20 | |
| 15815509141 | 2 alleles that are identical are... | Homozygous | 21 | |
| 15815521216 | 2 alleles that are different are... | Heterozygous | 22 | |
| 15815601789 | How many copies (Alleles) are there for every gene? | Two | 23 | |
| 15815644458 | The most common allele is known as the "Wild-Type", also known as... | Dominant allele (WT) | 24 | |
| 15815648740 | SNP | Single nucleotide polymorphism | 25 | |
| 16104832627 | Gene codes for... | Protein | 26 | |
| 16104832628 | What's the order of Gene Address | Chromosome Arm Region Band | 27 | |
| 16104832629 | Nucleotides | Building blocks of DNA | 28 | |
| 16104832630 | Sequence | Order of DNA | 29 | |
| 16104832631 | DNA is made up of how many different nucleotides? What are they called? | Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine (4) | 30 | |
| 16104832632 | What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | Phosphate group Sugar Base | 31 | |
| 16104832633 | What are the 5 elements make up a nucleotide? | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur (sometimes) | 32 | |
| 16105264734 | What is the function of "Globin" Genes? | Contain instructions for making hemoglobin protein, which allows our blood to carry oxygen throughout the body | 33 | |
| 16105294350 | The phosphate group is attached to... | The 5th carbon of the sugar | 34 | |
| 16105358601 | A hydrogen or a hydroxide is attached to... | The 2nd carbon of sugar | 35 | |
| 16105384161 | What is the function of the 3rd carbon of sugar | Used to attach the phosphate group of the next nucleotide in the sequence | 36 | |
| 16105406905 | Which carbon of sugar is the base attached to? | Attached to the 1st carbon | 37 | |
| 16105429415 | What are the backbones of DNA called? (sides of the ladder) | Sugar Phosphate | 38 | |
| 16134523289 | What are Purines? | Adanine Guanine | 39 | |
| 16134524537 | What are Pyrimidines? | Cytosine Thymine Uracil | 40 | |
| 16134624669 | Examples of Prions | Mad Cow Disease Kuru CJD Scrapies | 41 | |
| 16134653172 | Mutation | Physical change caused by a change in DNA | 42 | |
| 16134592827 | How many amino acids are used by every human organism? | 20 | 43 | |
| 16134728973 | eRNA | Enhancer RNA, activates transcription | 44 | |
| 16134613010 | Proteins are made up of... | Amino acid chains | 45 | |
| 16134618209 | What determines the primary structure? | DNA | 46 | |
| 16134651922 | What is the protein that is made by the Lac Operon | Lactase | 47 | |
| 16134635110 | What makes cells different? | Which genes are turned off or on (how genes are expressed) | 48 | |
| 16134680544 | Steps to repair after a lesion is found | Enzyme (1) separates the 2 strands of DNA Enzyme (2) removes misplaced or damaged nucleotide Enzyme (3) DNA polymerase fills the gap with the correct nucleotide using the template from the other strand | 49 | |
| 16134638669 | How do we know if a gene is expressed? | It makes a protein and can make RNA | 50 | |
| 16134687977 | What does spliceosome do? | Splices intron from mRNA | 51 | |
| 16134652526 | Variant | Change in DNA | 52 | |
| 16134698631 | Can the 2 alleles be the same? Can they be different? What are the names of the allele pairings? | Yes, homozygous and heterozygous | 53 | |
| 16134588804 | Where did the information to make tRNA come from? | mRNA | 54 | |
| 16134528093 | Why are the rungs (steps of the ladder) held together with weak hydrogen bonds? | Easier to split side-to-side instead of halves | 55 | |
| 16134667995 | SNPs (snips) | Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Change at one nucleotide position, can be a single nucleotide mutation if it changes the amino acid coded by the gene | 56 | |
| 16134629075 | If the hydrogen bonds break in a protein, what will happen? | It will denature (fall apart) | 57 | |
| 16134554648 | What is the difference between DNA and RNA | DNA: Double stranded Missing one oxygen (uses deoxyribose as sugar) Has Thymine Found in nucleus (location) RNA: Single stranded Has all oxygen (uses ribose as sugar) Has Uracil Found in nucleus and cytoplasm (location) | 58 | |
| 16134608396 | What are the names of the proteins called? | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur (sometimes) | 59 | |
| 16134600017 | Who won the Nobel Prize for RNAi | Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello | 60 | |
| 16134566761 | Is an enzyme a folded amino acid chain? | Yes | 61 | |
| 16134713647 | (Rr) The dominant trait is expressed but the protein level is less, why? | Due to one of the genes are making the proteins | 62 | |
| 16134666674 | Transposons | Jumping genes | 63 | |
| 16134586309 | Where did the information to make ribosomal RNA come from? | DNA | 64 | |
| 16134630859 | What are the 2 most common causes of denaturing (breaking of hydrogen bonds) in a protein? | Increase temperature Change in pH | 65 | |
| 16134649100 | Why is Lac Operon important? | First experiment to show genes can be turned off and on | 66 | |
| 16134644387 | Can genes be switched on and off? | Yes | 67 | |
| 16134532356 | Which DNA nucleotide always pair up in the the middle of the ladder? | A-T C-G | 68 | |
| 16134609974 | What are proteins used for? | Muscles, hormones and enzymes | 69 | |
| 16134578849 | How many genes are in humans? | 20,000 | 70 | |
| 16134694603 | One allele for each gene is inherited from each parent, what does that mean? | You inherit a version of a gene | 71 | |
| 16134580118 | How many chromosome pairs do humans have? | 23 (46 chromosomes) | 72 | |
| 16134691968 | Allele | Particular sequence of DNA | 73 | |
| 16134650523 | Quiescent gene | Quiet gene | 74 | |
| 16134583891 | Where do amino acids come from? | Food & floats around the cytoplasm | 75 | |
| 16134578380 | How many base pairs are in humans? | 3 billion | 76 | |
| 16134597131 | Gene therapy can be used for... | Huntington disease | 77 | |
| 16134708278 | How is heterozygous be shown in basic Mendelian genetics? | Aa | 78 | |
| 16134582986 | Who won the Nobel Prize for DNA transcription? | Roger Kornberg |  | 79 |
| 16134627480 | What's the function of hemoglobin? | Carries oxygen in red blood cells | 80 | |
| 16134686518 | What the function of DNA ligase? | Links the sugar-phosphate backbone together | 81 | |
| 16134677522 | Neutral Mutation | Mutation with no known function | 82 | |
| 16134645058 | Operon | Combination of protein-coding DNA sequence and the regulatory sequence | 83 | |
| 16134607841 | T/F: Proteins are very complex | True | 84 | |
| 16134656138 | What are examples of mutation? | Whole Chromosomes Transposons SNPs Neutral Mutation | 85 | |
| 16134542001 | What are the DNA properties? | DNA encodes information Controls synthesis of protein and RNA, function of the cell Stores instructions to be passed onto the next generation DNA changes by mutation DNA makes copies of itself | 86 | |
| 16134549520 | Helicase | An enzyme that unzips DNA | 87 | |
| 16134563615 | Protein | A folded amino acid chain | 88 | |
| 16134632622 | What are examples of denaturing? | Bacteria and viral death by sterilization and disinfectants Tenderizing meat Change in color and texture of fried egg whites | 89 | |
| 16134696681 | How many alleles for a gene does one individual have? Why? | 2 sets of chromosomes, come from each parent | 90 | |
| 16134587034 | Where did the information to make mRNA come from? | DNA | 91 | |
| 16134636883 | All cells in one individual have the same DNA, how did this happen? | Started from one cell, mitosis | 92 | |
| 16134657669 | Whole Chromosomes | Failure in an egg or sperm that results an abnormal increase or decrease of chromosomes | 93 | |
| 16134620284 | Prions | Part of the nervous system, once they come in contact with a misfolded prion protein they change their folding | 94 | |
| 16134707011 | How is homozygous be shown in basic Mendelian genetics? | aa or AA | 95 | |
| 16134627062 | How many chains are in the hemoglobin? | 4 | 96 | |
| 16134652527 | Polymorphism | Common variation | 97 | |
| 16134643769 | How could Gene Expression happen? | Different cells and different genes are turned on | 98 | |
| 16134664514 | Karotype | A picture of chromosomes lined up in order (biggest to smallest) Spots extra or missing chromosomes |  | 99 |
| 16134617428 | What is removed when a peptide bond is formed? | Water | 100 | |
| 16134723268 | Protein Synthesis is also called... | Central Dogma | 101 | |
| 16134724687 | T/F: Protein synthesis does require DNA replication | False | 102 | |
| 16134551552 | DNA polymerase | An enzyme that makes DNA | 103 | |
| 16134589930 | Where did the information to make any RNA come from? | eRNA | 104 | |
| 16141804614 | Steps for DNA replication | DNA unzips and rebuilds other side one nucleotide at a time (creating a new strand) Starts at the 5' (carbon) end of the template strand Enzyme unzips (helicase) Rebuilds DNA (DNA polymerase) | 105 | |
| 16141967724 | Introns | Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein ("intruders") | 106 | |
| 16141961548 | The disorder "Muscular Dystrophy" is a result of...? | An intron splicing error (wrong protein or no protein is made) | 107 | |
| 16141965491 | Exons | Expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein ("extra special") | 108 | |
| 16142570922 | Diploid | 2 sets of chromosomes | 109 | |
| 16142598012 | What is an example of a DNA mutation that effects Transcription? | Methylation | 110 | |
| 16142570290 | Haploid | single set of unpaired chromosomes | 111 | |
| 16142678762 | Our cells contain an _____ that cuts up double stranded RNA. | Enzyme Dicer | 112 | |
| 16141951552 | When splicing an Intron, what can it result? | Exome | 113 | |
| 16142670821 | What does RNAi do? | Blocks translation by attaching to mRNA and destroying the mRNA | 114 | |
| 16141911169 | What are the steps of "Transcription"? | RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, signals DNA to unzips, separates strands for a template RNA polymerase reads unzipped DNA strand & builds mRNA to make a RNA chain growing 5' to 3', RNA is formed & leaves DNA Transcript is finished (terminated) | 115 | |
| 16141930956 | RNA Editing | Removing introns and putting exons together in mRNA after leaving the DNA | 116 | |
| 16141797528 | What is DNA replication used for? | Mitosis or Meiosis, not for protein synthesis | 117 | |
| 16142664043 | What was DNA methylation used for? | Estimating age, forming an accurate biological clock in humans & chimpanzees | 118 | |
| 16142025005 | Steps of Translation | After transcription, mRNA carries instructions in codons for building polypeptides The edited mRNA moves to a ribosome to meet the tRNA tRNA binds to matching codon | 119 | |
| 16141940974 | How are Introns removed? | By a spliceosome (splicing) | 120 | |
| 16141848572 | What is DNA transcribed into? | mRNA by RNA polymerase | 121 | |
| 16141841020 | Transcription | Collecting information to make one protein out of the nucleus (making DNA into RNA - 1st step of protein synthesis) | 122 | |
| 16142684102 | Amino acids are joined together by...? | Dehydration synthesis (by removing the water, the amino acids are able to stick together | 123 | |
| 16142637605 | What does DNA methylation do? | Physically prevent the binding of the proteins to the gene | 124 | |
| 16142601657 | What is Methylation? What is happening throughout the mutation? | When C (Cytosine) is next to G (Guanine) can mutate and become a T (Thymine) which changes the code A cluster of Cs next to Gs is often in the promoter region of the genes and when the Cs are altered, the RNA polymerase cannot attach and the gene can't be transcribed | 125 | |
| 16142667787 | What are ribosomes made of? | RNA | 126 | |
| 16142941847 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |  | 127 |
| 16142941848 | RNA | ribonucleic acid | 128 | |
| 16143342949 | Polypeptide | chain of amino acids |  | 129 |
| 16148724156 | What are the structures in "Amino Acid"? Where are the structures located? | Animo group (left side) Hydrogen (located on top) Carbon (center) R - R group variant (bottom) Carboxyl (right side) |  | 130 |
| 16148481804 | Primary structure | Sequence of amino acids (stretched) |  | 131 |
| 16148617459 | What happens during "Dehydration Synthesis"? | Amino acids are joined together with peptide bonds that are always connecting the amino group of one to the carboxyl group of the next in a chain (polypeptide) & water is removed. Once the water is removed, the chain folds up and creates a protein |  | 132 |
| 16148385165 | Who won the Nobel Prize for DNA structure | Watson, Crick, and Wilkins |  | 133 |
| 16148433149 | Punnet Squares | Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross EX: DDxdd, DdxDd, DDxDD, ddxdd |  | 134 |
| 16148493444 | Secondary structure | The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain. (twisted) |  | 135 |
| 16148526362 | Teritary structure | The complex 3-dimensional structure of a single peptide chain; the structure at which polypeptide chains become functional (bundled chains) | 136 | |
| 16148506108 | What are the levels of Protein structures? | Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure | 137 | |
| 16148558222 | Quaternary structure | The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |  | 138 |
