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| 2911500809 | Describe the similarities and differences between the human brain and brains of other species | Similarities: brain areas, chemicals, proteins Differences: Overall brain size, size of individual parts (large neocortex in primates) | 0 | |
| 2911505226 | What is gray matter? | Nucleus in the CNS and Ganglion in the PNS | 1 | |
| 2911505227 | What is white matter? | Tract in the CNS and Nerve in the PNS Appear white because of mylenation | 2 | |
| 2916086209 | What is the somatic nervous system? | Movements that you are aware of and are consciously making | 3 | |
| 2916087824 | What is the Autonomic Nervous System? | The processes that your body controls for you | 4 | |
| 2916093111 | What are afferent nerves? | Sensory neurons going TOWARDS the brain | 5 | |
| 2916099244 | What are efferent nerves? | Neurons sending messages AWAY from the brain | 6 | |
| 2916107718 | Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems located and what are their functions? | Located in the efferent nerves of the ANS Symp: Arousal Para: Calming | 7 | |
| 2911507621 | What are the three primary divisions of the brain and what major structures are in those divisions? | 1) Hindbrain - 2)Midbrain - 3)Forebrain - | 8 | |
| 2911511597 | What 3 structures comprise the brain stem? | 1) Medulla 2) Pons 3) Midbrain | 9 | |
| 2911514866 | What major functions is the medulla involved with? | Base of the brain stem Contrals vital reflexes Control via cranial nerves Damage to medulla can cause coma or death | 10 | |
| 2911517677 | What major functions is the pons involved with? | Middle of the brainstem (lump) Sleep | 11 | |
| 2911518934 | What major functions is the cerebellum involved with? | Movement Well-learned movements Sensory timing Balance and postural control | 12 | |
| 2911519969 | What major functions is the midbrain involved with? | Top portion of the brainstem (right above pons) Reflexive orienting to visual and auditory stimuli Intrinsic/descending pain control Substantia nigra located here | 13 | |
| 2911522707 | What are the structures within the midbrain? Functions? | Substantia Nigra | 14 | |
| 2911523841 | What major functions is the thalamus involved with? | Relay station/filter for sensory information on its way to cortex Involved in many other systems | 15 | |
| 2911523842 | What major functions is the hypothalamus involved with? | Communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone release Involved in drive-related behaviors and maintenance of homeostasis | 16 | |
| 2911526921 | What major functions is the pituitary gland involved with? | Endocrine gland Attached to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk Makes and releases hormones into bloodstream | 17 | |
| 2911527005 | What major functions is the pineal gland involved with? | Makes and secretes melatonin Daily and seasonal rhythms | 18 | |
| 2911529726 | What major functions is the corpus collosum involved with? | Largest hemisphere-connecting tract | 19 | |
| 2911533681 | What major functions is the longitudinal fissure involved with? | A groove that separates right and left hemispheres | 20 | |
| 2911539076 | What is the function of the telencephalon? | Largest division of the brain and it subserves language (aspects of language which are of interest to linguistics) Consists of basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and olfactory bulb Anterior part of the brain | 21 | |
| 2911541464 | What is the function of the diencephalon? | Above the brain stem and embodies the thalamus and hypothalamus | 22 | |
| 2911543565 | What is the general function of cranial nerves? | Enter/exit the ventral surface of the brainstem and are important in neurological exams Information comes in through these nerves and eventually ends up in the sensory cortex | 23 | |
| 2911547324 | What does "sensory and motor for face and head" mean? | Cranial Nerves allow facial expression and jaw movement Damage to connections from cortex to brains stem contralaterally damage and weaken muscles of the lower portion of the face | 24 | |
| 2916016447 | Describe a motor neuron | The cell body lives in the spinal cord and the axon is part of a nerve in your body The terminal synapse with muscle fibers | 25 | |
| 2916025180 | Describe a somatosensory neuron? | Touch neuron The soma lives outside of the spinal cord and has a long axon that has specialized endings in the skin and its terminals are in the spinal cord | 26 | |
| 2911551186 | How many cranial nerves are there? | 12 pairs (24 nerves) | 27 | |
| 2911554142 | What is the general function of the limbic system? | Memory and emotion Regulation of motivated behaviors Hippocampus, amygdala, etc located here | 28 | |
| 2911554143 | What is the general function of the basal ganglia? | Movement Interconnected structures: striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra | 29 | |
| 2916213810 | The lobes of the Cortex | 1) Frontal 2) Parietal 3) Temporal 4) Occiptal | 30 | |
| 2916217991 | Function of the Occipital lobe | Vision Primary and secondary visual cortex | 31 | |
| 2916221023 | Function of the Frontal Lobe | Prefrontal cortex: executive functions Planning, working memory, insight, impulse control, last to develop | 32 | |
| 2916229048 | What structure is located within the frontal lobe? | Motor Cortex: Voluntary movement, somatotopic organization, cerebellum and basal ganglia influence movement talking to motor cortex | 33 | |
| 2916238582 | Function of the Parietal Lobe and what structure is located here | Somatosensory Corex: first cortex to process somatosensory info and somatotopic organization Spatial Organization Visual association corrtex | 34 | |
| 2916254022 | Temporal Lobe | Auditory Cortex - hearing Spoken Language comprehension Visual Association cortex | 35 | |
| 2916236607 | What area of the frontal lobe is important for language? | Broca's area | 36 | |
| 2911559035 | What are the 2 major structures of the limbic system? | Hippocampus and Amygdala | 37 | |
| 2911561742 | What structures comprise the Central Nervous System? | Brain and spinal cord | 38 | |
| 2911564141 | What structures comprise the Peripheral Nervous System? | Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System | 39 | |
| 2911566463 | How is the Peripheral Nervous System divided? | SNS and ANS ANS --> Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS | 40 | |
| 2914913568 | All behavior, both normal and abnormal, including perceptions, thoughts, movements, and complex social behaviors, are correlated with... | brain and nervous system activity | 41 | |
| 2914917870 | Define and discuss the field of biopsychology | The scientific study of the biology of behavior | 42 | |
| 2914920174 | Describe six areas of neuroscience that are particularly relevant to biopsychological injury | Neuroanatomy - structure of the nervous system Neurophysiology - Functions and activities of the nervous system Neurochemistry - chemical bases of neural activity Neuropathology - nervous system disorders Neuropharmacology - Effects of drugs on neural activity Neuroendocrinology - Interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system | 43 | |
| 2914924641 | What are the advantages of humans and nonhumans as subject in biopsychological research? | Humans: can follow instructions, make subjective reports, and are cheaper to work with Nonhumans: simpler brains, comparative approach, ethical reasons | 44 | |
| 2914924642 | What are the disadvantages of humans and nonhumans as subject in biopsychological research? | Humans: Ethical limitations, complex brain Nonhumans: only can get a comparison to the human brain, no subjective reports | 45 | |
| 2914973121 | True experiments are not always possible. Why and give examples? | Ethics, costs, etc Ex: We don't/can't assign some people to smoke cigarettes and others not to, We can't subject some participants to a disease, etc | 46 | |
| 2914981867 | What are converging operations? Give examples | Multiple approaches; strengths of some compensate for the weaknesses of others Ex: Epidemiological studies in humans, Exposure and toxicity studies in animal models (not in humans but allows experimentation) | 47 | |
| 2914992100 | What is preponderance of the evidence? Give examples | The majority of the evidence points to a single answer Ex: Smoking cigarettes correlated with lung cancer, longer someone smokes --> more likely to get lung cancer, exposure to smoke in non-smokers --> increased rick of lung cancer | 48 | |
| 2914929082 | Explain how converging operations contributed to the study of Korsakoff's syndrome | Korsakoff's Syndrome: severe retrograde amnesia and confabulation, but intelligences in tact (often seen in severe alcoholism) We don't assign some people to have poor diet, and some people to be alcoholics. We do however see, that the syndrome typically is a result of poor nutrition and is exacerbated by alcohol The above correlation was seen in rats | 49 | |
| 2914930815 | What are the four major themes of our approach to Biopsychology | 1) Thinking (critically and) Creatively about Biopsychology 2) Clinical Implications 3) The Evolutionary Perspective 4) Neuroplasticity | 50 | |
| 2915026129 | Describe what is meant by the major theme "Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology" | Base thinking on the evidence presented Consider physiology, development, evolutionary history, emotional state, current circumstances, experience, function, etc Consider the source of your information | 51 | |
| 2915036234 | Describe what is meant by the major theme "Clinical Implications" of biopsychology | The study of diseased or damaged brains leads to new knowledge; new knowledge leads to new treatments | 52 | |
| 2915043598 | Explain the parts of Psychological research (basic, applied, translational) | Basic - Conducted for the purpose of acquiring knowledge (basic research programs) Applied - Intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind, animal studies Translational - Direct steps taken in practical application (ex: human drug trials) | 53 | |
| 2915056747 | Describe what the major theme "The evolutionary perspective" in biopsychology means | Consideration of environmental pressures on human evolution May use a comparative approach | 54 | |
| 2915062544 | Describe what the major theme "Neuroplasticity" in biopsychology means | The brain is plastic, not static The brain is constantly strengthening connections between neurons | 55 | |
| 2914935741 | Explain and discuss why thinking about the biology of behavior in terms of a traditional physiological-psychological dichotomy is flawed | Behavior is not physiological or psychological What is psychological IS physiological | 56 | |
| 2914938706 | What is the mind-brain connection and describe examples? | Dualism vs. monism monism - "the mind is what the brain does" What effects the brain, effects the mind Ex: HM had his hippocampus removed and could not make new memories Ex: Removing one hemisphere of the brain effects contralateral processing Ex: Blindsight, throwing a ball to someone blind and them still being able to catch it or know where it is going | 57 | |
| 2915087297 | How does stimulation of brain activity effect the mind-brain connection? | Evokes experiences or behavioral tendencies Drugs of abuse stimulate certain brain regions and reinforce behaviors | 58 | |
| 2915118105 | Experiments vs. Nonexperiments | Experiment: involves the manipulation of variables and CAUSAL relations can be drawn Nonexperiment: researcher does not control the variables of interest and ASSOCIATIONS can be drawn | 59 | |
| 2915124990 | Quasiexperimental studies | Studies of groups of subjects exposed to conditions in the real world | 60 | |
| 2915127212 | Case Studies | Focus is on a single individual Often test a hypothesis, not necessarily generalizable | 61 | |
| 2915132597 | Define what is meant by a Causal Relation | Requires more rigorous science Variables must be manipulated and systematically tested against a control group (you cannot just measure variables) Correlation does not imply causation Generalizability is also an important factor to consider | 62 | |
| 2915144108 | Describe Darwin's evidence for evolution | Presented 3 kinds of evidence for species' evolution, and argued that evolution occurs through natural selection 1) Fossil Evidence of evolution 2) Structural similarities among living species suggest common ancestors 3)Impact of selective breeding | 63 | |
| 2915182247 | What is natural selection? | The idea that heritable traits that are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are preferentially passed on to future generations | 64 | |
| 2915187160 | Why did Darwin prefer the term "decent with modification" to "evolution"? | Evolution denotes a change that will always be better than what came previously. As the environment changes, however, preferred traits will also change. Thus a trait is advantageous to an individual at one time, might be detrimental at another time if the environment has changed. | 65 | |
| 2915187161 | In what ways has the human brain evolved? | 1) The human brain has increased in size during evolution 2) Most of the increase in size has occurred in the cerebrum 3) Increased convolutions (folds in cortex) = increase the volume of the cerebral cortex | 66 | |
| 2915237848 | Most human phenomena (facial expressions, intelligence, sexual orientation, etc) are based in part of... | genetics | 67 | |
| 2915242813 | What are chromosomes, what types exist within humans, and how many are there? | 22 paired chromosomes (46 chromosomes total 2 sex chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell and contain DNA | 68 | |
| 2915254030 | What does the sequence of DNA determine? | The gene | 69 | |
| 2915255767 | What is a gene? | Contains information on hereditary characteristics | 70 | |
| 2915257830 | What is a phenotype? | An observable trait Ex: Hair color, eye color, height, susceptibility to certain disease | 71 | |
| 2915245706 | What is a karyotype? | the number and appearance of the chromosomes | 72 | |
| 2915251047 | What is a genotype? | The genes you have for a trait Ex: BB, ww, Bw | 73 | |
| 2915265238 | What are alleles? | Two genes that control the same trait | 74 | |
| 2915268254 | Homozygous vs. Heterozygous alleles | Homo: identical alleles for a trait Hetero: different alleles for a trait | 75 | |
| 2915273619 | What is meant by gene dominance? | A gene that shows a strong effect in the heterozygous or homozygous condition | 76 | |
| 2915275618 | What is meant by a gene being recessive? | A gene that shows a strong effect only in the homozygous condition | 77 | |
| 2915282365 | What are sex-linked genes and where are they typically located? | The genes on the sex chromosomes and are usually found on the X because it has a lot more genes on it than the Y | 78 | |
| 2915288952 | What are sex-limited genes and where are they located? | Present in both sexes but has an effect only (mostly) in one sex Ex: genes for chest hair and genes for breast size They are on autosomal chromosomes and are "turned on" under influence of sex hormones | 79 | |
| 2915295607 | Describe the structure of DNA | Double stranded Four base pairs Self-replicating | 80 | |
| 2915189552 | Outline the mechanisms of gene expression | 1) Strands of DNA unravel 2) A copy is made (messenger RNA) through transcription 3) Protein is built based on code of mRNA through process of translation | 81 | |
| 2915314632 | Define Transcription | A strand of RNA is copied from one of the strands of exposed DNA --> RNA goes to cytoplasm DNA-->RNA | 82 | |
| 2915317532 | Define Translation | Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome --> ribosome reads each codon and attaches appropriate amino acid RNA-->Protein | 83 | |
| 2915323556 | What is a codon? | 3 base pairs which code for an amino acid | 84 | |
| 2915330021 | How many meters of DNA are in a cell? In a person? | 2 meters per cell 100 trillion m per person | 85 | |
| 2915333219 | What is chromatin? | Condensed DNA coiled around a core of histone proteins | 86 | |
| 2915339147 | What does the structure of coiled DNA have strong implications for? | gene expression To express a gene, the coil where the gene is located needs to be loosened (by chemical groups - methyl/acetyl) | 87 | |
| 2915191146 | Describe the difference between genetics and epigenetics | Genetics: the genes we get from our parents Epigenetics: alterations that can occur to our genes based on experience, and they can be heritable | 88 | |
| 2915369701 | What are especially powerful experiences that may influence epigenetics? | prenatal and neonatal experiences | 89 | |
| 2915192225 | What are the two main epigenetic changes that can occur? Describe each | 1) Histone Remodeling - modifications to a histone protein (around which DNA is coiled) can either decrease or increase gene expression 2) DNA methylation - the attachment of a methyl group to DNA tends to reduce the expression of adjacent genes | 90 | |
| 2915195590 | Describe 3 classic examples of research on behavioral development and how each illustrates gene-experience interaction | 1) Selective Breeding of "maze-bright" and "maze dull" rats 2) Phenylketonuria (PKU): a single-gene metabolic disorder 3) Development of birdsong | 91 | |
| 2915196999 | Explain heritability estimates | How much of the variance in a characteristic is due to differences in heredity (genes) Contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences | 92 | |
| 2915382659 | How could genes affect behaviors? | Altering neurotransmitter systems and other chemicals, thus how an individual processes info, perceives stimuli, and responds to the environment Altering physical appearance and thus how the environment responds to the individual | 93 | |
| 2915394341 | How do we know about heritability of behavior? | Biochem methods: identification of certain genes linked to behaviors or disorders Twin and adoption studies | 94 | |
| 2915203162 | Describe the twin studies discussed in class. What were their strengths weaknesses, and what they tell us about the interaction of genes and experience? | MZ and DZ twins 1) Greater concordance in MZ twins than DZ twins --> the more DNA 2 individuals share, the more likely they are to share a trait Suggests high heritability 2) Same concordance in MZ twins and DZ twins --> amount of shared DNA doesn't impact likelihood of sharing trait Suggest low heritability | 95 | |
| 2915418632 | Twins Reared Apart | 59 pairs of MZ twins 47 pairs of DZ twins Extensive intelligence and personality testing Adult MZ twins more similar on all measures than adult DZ twins | 96 | |
| 2915429908 | What is meant by the term "virtual twins"? | Children of the same age, with no relation to each other, adopted into a home at the same time | 97 | |
| 2915437039 | What are the problems with twin studies? | MZ twins usually share chorion and blood supply...so could be genetics or could be prenatal environment The studies assume that DZ twins are treated as similarly as MZ twins | 98 | |
| 2915445405 | What are the problems with adoption studies? | Biological children tend to have similar mental problems to biological parents even if raised by "great" adoptive parents...could be genes, BUT could be reflection of poor prenatal environment | 99 | |
| 2915461865 | What have we learned from twin studies of the effect of experience on heritability? | 1) Intelligence develops as an interaction of inheritance and experience 2) Can inherit potential for superior intelligence, but might not be realized in poverty-stricken environment | 100 | |
| 2915474980 | What is the interaction of genetic factors and experience on behavioral development? | Ex: Raised maze-dull and maze-bright rats (impoverished areas --> more mistakes) Ex: PKU Disorder (mitigated entirely by a special diet during critical development period --> interaction between genetics and environment | 101 | |
| 2915497157 | Define Concordance | The presence of the same trait in both individuals of a pair of twins | 102 | |
| 2915500436 | What is an autosomal chromosome? | Chromosomes that come in matched pairs In mammals, these are all of the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes | 103 | |
| 2915502647 | What are nucleotide bases and how are they paired? | A class of chemical substances that includes adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine - the constituents of the genetic code A-->T C--> G | 104 | |
| 2915508136 | What are proteins? | 15% of body mass Some become part of the body's structure and others are enzymes that control the rate of chemical reactions | 105 | |
| 2915617542 | What are neurons? | Specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals Basic units of the nervous system | 106 | |
| 2915626151 | What are the similarities between neurons and other cells in the body? | Organelles, including plasma membrane, ER, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, Golgi complex, vesicles, microtubules | 107 | |
| 2915648641 | What is a cell nucleus? | A structure in the central region of a cell, containing the nucleolus and chromosomes | 108 | |
| 2915655013 | What is the nucleolus? | A structure within the nucleus of a cell that produces the ribosomes | 109 | |
| 2915657532 | What is a neurotransmitter? | A chemical that is released by a terminal button; has excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron | 110 | |
| 2915663525 | What is a cells mitochondrion? | An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients | 111 | |
| 2915666475 | What is ATP? | A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism; its breakdown liberates energy | 112 | |
| 2915673670 | What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Parallel layers of membrane found within the cytoplasm of a cell Two types: smooth and rough ER Smooth: site of sysnthesis of lipids and provides channels for the segregation of molecules Rough: contains ribosomes and involved with production of proteins | 113 | |
| 2915685901 | What is the Golgi apparatus? | A complex of parallel membranes in the cytoplasm that wraps the products of a secretory cell | 114 | |
| 2915693222 | What is the cell membrane and what is its function? | A phospholipid bilayer with signaling proteins and channel proteins embedded in it that is semipermeable to let water, oxygen, and CO2 move freely Na+, CA2+, K+, Cl- move thru ion channels | 115 | |
| 2915630000 | What are the differences between neurons and other cells in the body? | Morphology Communication with each other, often very long distances Postmitotic | 116 | |
| 2915638277 | Define the term "postmitotic" | Cells that are no longer dividing Once they have gone where they are going to stay in the brain, with their distinct shapes, they do not divide any longer | 117 | |
| 2915601027 | Compare and contrast multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons | Multipolar: Cell body with dendrites and an axon (majority of the brain's neurons) Bipolar: Long axon with cell body with in the middle and two axons branching from opposite sides Unipolar: Long axon that bifurcates at a cell body (cell body is not attached to axon from two sides) | 118 | |
| 2915602476 | Identify the parts of a synapse | 1) Synapse, Synaptic Cleft, Synaptic Gap - space between the terminal and dendrites of two neurons where chemicals cross 2) Presynaptic - conducts action potential from soma to terminal 3) Postsynaptic - neuron that is receiving chemicals | 119 | |
| 2915605067 | Describe the techniques used to visualize neurons | 1) Electron Microscopy - microscope that produces an electronically magnified image of a specimen for observation 2) Golgi Stain - heavy metal stain penetrates and fills a subpopulation of neurons 3) Nissl Stain - Stains all cell bodies, but you cannot see the entire morphology of the neuron (good indication of neural density) 4) Fluorescence microscopy - Certain things are amplified with a fluorescent tag 5) Tracing Studies - Tracing to and from where axons project from | 120 | |
| 2915608094 | Briefly describe 6 kinds of glial cells and their functions in the nervous system | 1) Cell Body - "Soma" contains all of the organelles of the cell 2) Dendrites - Receiving ends of neurons that receive signals from other neurons 3)Axon - Myelinated channel through which the action potential travels, microtubules inside for transmission of information 4) Terminal Buttons - End of the axon that stores and releases neurotransmitters 5) Axon Hillock - first part of axon that decides if the action potential will be passed on or not 6)Synapse - Space between the terminal button and dendrite of two neurons, where neurotransmitters are released | 121 | |
| 2915825056 | What is the "new" definition of nucleus? And how is this related to neurological diseases? | A group of neurons with a common location, common connections, and common functions Many neurological diseases are due to loss of a group of neurons (nucleus) | 122 | |
| 2915837767 | What are glial cells and what do they do? | Support neurons by means of communication by changing the way that neurons function | 123 | |
| 2915844810 | What type of Glial cells are Schwann and Oligodendrocytes? | Myelinated glial cells Schwann - myelinates PNS Oligo - myelinate CNS | 124 | |
| 2915853886 | What type of glial cells are Microglia? | Search for and respond to injury or disease Multiply, engulf cellular debris, trigger inflammatory response | 125 | |
| 2915867836 | What type of glial cells are satellite cells? | Surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS | 126 | |
| 2915871864 | What type of glial cells are ependymal cells? | In the walls of the ventricles and help make cerebrospinal fluid Help nurture and support the stem cells that are in the brain | 127 | |
| 2915878810 | What type of glial cells are astrocytes? | Wrap around terminal of related axons, remove waste material, provide structural support, form dense scars upon injury, dialate blood vessels in active regions of the brain, provide nutrients from blood to neurons, BBB | 128 | |
| 2915610300 | Describe the structure and function of the blood brain barrier | A barrier around blood vessels in the brain that protect neurons from all the chemicals/toxins that we cannot flood neurons with | 129 | |
| 2915895398 | What are endothelial cells? | Cells of capillary walls that form tight junctions but are made of a thin layer of cells Surrounded by astrocytes | 130 | |
| 2915901431 | BBB keeps out: | Viruses and bacteria Many chemical and nutrients | 131 | |
| 2915905651 | BBB lets through: | Small uncharged molecules Fat-soluble molecules Glucose L-Dopa Some viruses (ex: chicken pox, herpes) | 132 | |
| 2915610301 | Describe the incomplete regions of the BBB | These are called Circumbentricular organs and they are important for the brain to sense toxins in the blood that need to be removed | 133 | |
| 2915960814 | What are the contributions of Camillo Golgi to our understanding of neurons? | Revolutionary method of staining individual nerve and cell structures by using silver nitrate | 134 | |
| 2915965587 | What are the contributions of Santiago Ramon y Cajal to our understanding of neurons? | Fine structure of NS and especially of brain and spinal cord | 135 | |
| 2915988108 | What causes the onset of Parkinson's Disease? | Loss of substantia nigra in midbrain | 136 | |
| 2916001379 | What causes the onset of Huntington's Disease? | Loss of caudate and putamen in forebrain | 137 | |
| 2916004550 | What causes the onset of ALS? | Loss of motor neurons in cerebral cortex and spinal cord | 138 |
