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| 549603549 | What is attention? | The ability to select and focus on specific stimuli, whether internal or external. | 0 | |
| 549603550 | Cocktail party effect | Ability to pay attention to others; filter out other stimuli; We do not focus on every stimulus in the environment | 1 | |
| 549603551 | Two types of attention | Overt Covert | 2 | |
| 549603552 | Covert | Attending to a specific stimulus without sensory organ reorientation | 3 | |
| 549603553 | Overt | Attending to a specific stimulus by physically reorienting sensory organs | 4 | |
| 549603554 | Divided attention tasks | A task in which a subject is directed to process two or more sets of simultaneous stimuli; See what affects they get out of the different sets of stimuli; Shows attention is limited | 5 | |
| 549603555 | Inattentional Blindness/Change Blindness | The failure to perceive a stimulus due to attentional demands; Shows attention is limited | 6 | |
| 549603556 | Divided Attention Task: Dichotic Presentation | Subject can only report info from attended ear Often times will even miss hearing their own name. Shows that attention is focused to a subset of stimuli | 7 | |
| 549603557 | Filtering | Not all sensory information can (or should) be processed consciously | 8 | |
| 549603558 | Attentional bottleneck | The "gate" through which stimuli must past to reach awareness | 9 | |
| 549603559 | Early vs. Late Selection | Early → non-relevant stimuli are excluded from attention before higher level processing. Late → non-relevant stimuli are excluded from attention after high level processing (i.e. word meanings) | 10 | |
| 549603560 | Early vs. Late depends on: | perceptual load | 11 | |
| 549603561 | Perceptual Load | High perceptual load - brain will filter out info early ex. doing a very difficult math problem, would not hear your own name if someone said it If basic - low perceptual load - filter later ex. easy math problem, would hear your name if someone said it | 12 | |
| 549603562 | Two types of attention shifts? | Endogenous attention and Exogenous attention | 13 | |
| 549603563 | Endogenous attention | Voluntary shift in attention; from internal motivations Top-down process → high level brain processes (i.e. reasoning, decision making, etc.) modulating low level brain processes (i.e. sensation/perception) | 14 | |
| 549603564 | Exogenous attention | Reflexive, involuntary shift in attention Bottom-up process (ex. someone shoots a gun near you) | 15 | |
| 549603565 | Neural Correlates of Attention | Subcortical and Cortical | 16 | |
| 549603566 | In Subcortical, Superior Colliculus: | Cells fire more, when gaze shift related to attentional shift | 17 | |
| 549603567 | In Subcortical, Pulvinar: | more active during tasks that require extensive filtering | 18 | |
| 549603568 | In Cortical, Dorsal Frontoparietal System: | voluntary; Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) and Frontal Eye Field (FEF); IPS and FEF modulate endogenous attention | 19 | |
| 549603569 | In Cortical, Right temporoparietal system | reflexive; Ventral frontal cortex (VFC) and Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ); VFC and TPJ modulate exogenous attention | 20 | |
| 549603570 | Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) | Individual neurons will fire more for overt and covert attention | 21 | |
| 549603571 | Frontal Eye Field (FEF) | Damage results in inability to prevent gaze shifts to distracters | 22 | |
| 549603572 | Ventral frontal cortex (VFC) | Involved in working memory Thought to detect novelty Assigns values of importance | 23 | |
| 549603573 | Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ) | Shows increased activity when attending to unexpected stimuli; VFC then relays to TPJ if it is important enough | 24 | |
| 549603574 | Hemispatial neglect | ● Cause - Damage to the RIGHT parietal lobe - Damage to left parietal lobe will not result in neglect ● Symptoms - Inability to attend to stimuli on the left side of space - Not limited to visual attention - Attentional paralysis of the left side of the body - Otherwise normal sensory processing and motor control | 25 | |
| 549603575 | ADHD - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | - Very prevalently diagnosed disorder 5% of all children are diagnosed; 3/4ths male - One stimulus is not enough, they are seeking more stimuli in order to get enough/more stimulus/arousal | 26 | |
| 549603576 | ADHD Causes | Largely unknown Decreased arousal levels Decreased reward processing in the nucleus accumbens (dopamine dependent) Reduced brain size in frontal areas and the cerebellum | 27 | |
| 549603577 | ADHD Symptoms | Trouble paying attention More impulsive than controls Hyperactive | 28 | |
| 549603578 | ADHS Treatment | Stimulants: methylphenidate (Ritalin) - Amphetamine derivatives - Thought to increase normal arousal - Abates stimulus seeking behavior Behavioral therapy Non-stimulants Atomoxetine and guanfacine | 29 | |
| 549603579 | Consciousness | Book's definition: "the state of being aware that we are conscious." My definition: "The subjective experience in its entirety" | 30 | |
| 549603580 | Qualia | Single subjective experiences | 31 | |
| 549603581 | Dualism | the body and the mind are ontologically different | 32 | |
| 551971162 | Monism | the body and the mind are one in the same | 33 | |
| 551971163 | What are the Two problems of Consciousness? | ●Easy Problem - "Understanding how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences" - What you are thinking ●Hard Problem - "How can we understand the brain processes that produce people's subjective experiences of their conscious perceptions?" - Why that brain pattern makes you think that way; How you are experiencing that scene | 34 | |
| 551971164 | Easy Problem | FMRI scans can already distinguish between simple visual scenes | 35 | |
| 551971165 | Hard Problem | We cannot explain why certain brain activation create qualia. Or if qualia are the same or different for each individual. Even if have same brain activity, do not know if you are experiencing the same thing | 36 | |
| 551971166 | Coma | is a state of extreme unresponsiveness, in which an individual exhibits no voluntary movement or behavior. | 37 | |
| 551971167 | Anesthesia | insensibility; Don't know if it is a loss of consciousness or not Sensory signals can still be recorded If sensory information is still processed, what does it mean to be unconscious? | 38 | |
| 551971168 | Amnesia | Either the loss of past memories or the inability to produce new memories | 39 | |
| 551971169 | Amnesia and Alcohol | Thought to interact with the GABA system When you black out are you conscious or not? You don't have memory but you are still able to perform tasks, Capable of complex intentional actions | 40 | |
| 551971170 | Cognitively impenetrable | basic neural processes that cannot be experienced through introspection Can't think about doing them Executive function → conscious Heart Rate → unconscious Breathing → both | 41 | |
| 551971171 | Executive function | In prefrontal cortex; The high-level control of other cognitive functions in order to attend to important stimuli and make suitable plans for action. Ex. Decision making, Valuation, Planning, Task switching, Working memory → the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information | 42 | |
| 551971172 | The Prefrontal Cortex | The region of neocortex anterior to the motor and premotor areas Orbitofrontal Dorsolateral ● Highly interconnected with itself and the rest of the brain Activated during executive function tasks | 43 | |
| 551971173 | Damage to the Prefrontal cortex | Damage will affect many aspects of cognition: Emotion, motor, and cognitive functions Ex. Phineas Gage - Changes in personality and executive function | 44 | |
| 551971174 | Trans-orbital Lobotomy | Symtoms: Apathy (Lack of desire to do anything), Impulsiveness, Blunting of personality, Seizures, Distractibility, Irresponsibility | 45 | |
| 551971175 | Are animals conscious? | Group of neuroscientists recently (2012) declared that many animals are in fact conscious to some degree | 46 | |
| 551971176 | Mirror Test | Test for self awareness; Implies that these animals have an overt sense of self, which then implies that these animals are conscious to some extent. | 47 | |
| 551971177 | Free Will | "the ability to make decisions and actions in a non-deterministic manner"; "Free will" decision can be imaged 5- 10 seconds before the person is aware they made the decision. Conscious, free decisions may be predetermined by unconscious brain processes. | 48 | |
| 551971178 | Consciousness, like wetness, is an emergent property of many specialized units working together. | ... | 49 |
