Biochemistry
859337930 | Melvin Clavin | Who discovered Calvin Cycle? | |
859337931 | dark reactions | The reactions of this cycle are called the ___________ because they do NOT depend on light energy directly. | |
859337932 | Light | What do the calvin reaction not depend on? | |
859337933 | -photosynthesis - sugars | The cycle uses the energy produced by ____________ to synthesize _______ (such as glucose) by reducing CO2. | |
859337934 | CO2 | ______ is reduced using the reducing potential of NADPH that is also produced by photosynthesis. | |
859337935 | NADPH | CO2 is reduced using the reducing potential of _______ that is also produced by photosynthesis. | |
859337936 | autotrophs | This is why photosynthetic organisms are called ________ (self- feeders). | |
859337937 | heterotrophs. | Non-photosynthetic organisms are called __________. | |
859337938 | 1. Fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration | What are the three stages? | |
859337939 | Rubisco | ________ is the most abundant protein (enzyme) on the planet. | |
859337940 | 1,5-ribulose- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase | What is another name for rubisco? | |
859337941 | 1,5-ribulose- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase | ____________: It catalyzes the same reaction two different ways.  | |
859337942 | Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate | What starts and ends stage one? | |
859337943 | 3-Phosphoglycerate | What molecule is this? | |
859337944 | Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337945 | Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate | What catalyzes this reaction? | |
859337946 | 3- phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate. | Sometimes Rubisco reacts with oxygen instead of CO2 to form ? | |
859337947 | salvage pathway | Phosphoglycolate undergoes a ______________ to salvage the carbon skeleton. | |
859337948 | salvage pathway | ____________: This pathway ultimately produces the amino acid glycine which can potentially convert to glucose | |
859337949 | glycine | What does Phosphglycolate ultimately produce? | |
859337950 | NO | Does the salvage pathway produce ATP or NADPH? | |
859337951 | Phosphoglycolate | What molecule is this? | |
859337952 | Hydroperoxide intermediate | What molecule is this? | |
859337953 | Phosphoglycolate 3- Phosphoglycerate | What happens with Ribulose 1,5BP reacts with oxygen and rubisco? | |
859337954 | You get two 3- Phosphoglycerate | What happens with Ribulose 1,5BP reacts with CO2 and rubisco? | |
859337955 | 3-phosphglycerate to Fructose 6-phosphate | What starts and finishes stage 2? | |
859337956 | reactions in glycolysis? | What is stage 2 familiar to? | |
859337957 | two | How many of each molecule in stage two up to fructose 6-phosophate? | |
859337958 | Phosphoglycerate kinase with the use of 2 ATPs because two of each molecule. | What converts 3-phosphogylcerate to 1,3BPG? | |
859337959 | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the use of 2 NADPH because 2 of each molecule. | What converts 1,3-BPG to Glyceraldhyde 3-Phosphate? | |
859337960 | 1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to fructose 1,6 BP by aldolase. 2. Fructose 1,6BP to F-6P by Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase | How is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate converted to Fructose 6-phosphate? | |
859337961 | 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate | What molecule is this? | |
859337962 | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337963 | Fructose 6-Phosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337964 | Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337965 | 1. Glucose 1- phosphate has a reversible reaction with G-6P by phosphoglucomutase. 2. Glucose 6-phosphate has a reversible reaction with F-6P by phosopglucosomerae | What is the hexose monophosphate pool? | |
859337966 | The regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate | What happens in stage 3? | |
859337967 | Three reactions | Generating 5-carbon sugar from 6-carbon sugar requires? | |
859337968 | 1. Transketolase 2. Aldolase 3. Transketolase | Generating 5-carbon sugar from 6-carbon sugar requires THREE reactions. What are they? | |
859337969 | Transketolase | Stage 3. 1. ________: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a ketone group from a ketose to an aldose. | |
859337970 | Aldolase | Stage 3 2. _______: We encountered this enzyme in glycolysis. Catalyzes aldo condensation. | |
859337971 | Transketolase | Stage 3 3. _________: to generate a 5-carbon sugar. | |
859337972 | Erythrose 4-phosphate + Xylulose 5-phosphate | Fructose 6P + GA 3P are catalyzed by transketolase to produce? | |
859337973 | Transketolase | Fructose 6P + GA 3P are catalyzed by what to create Erythrose 4-phosphate + Xylulose 5-phosphate ? | |
859337974 | Xyulose 5-phosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337975 | Erythrose 4-Phosphate | What molecule is this? ` | |
859337976 | Sedoheptulose 1,7 bisphosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337977 | Sedoheptulose 7-Phosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337978 | Sedoheptulose 1,7 -BP | What does Erthyrose 4P and DHAP create with aldolase? | |
859337979 | Aldolase | Erthyrose 4P and DHAP are reacted to make Sedoheptulose 1,7 -BP by? | |
859337980 | Sedoheptulose 7, phosphate | Sedoheptulose 1,7 -BP reacts with Sedohetpulose 1,7 bisphosphtase to create? | |
859337981 | Sedohetpulose 1,7 bisphosphtase | Sedoheptulose 1,7 -BP is changed to Sedoheptulose 7, phosphate by? | |
859337982 | Ribose 5-P and Xyulose 5-P | Sedoheptulose 7, phosphate + GA-3P react with Transketolase to make? | |
859337983 | Tanskeolase | Sedoheptulose 7, phosphate + GA-3P can make Ribose 5-P and Xyulose 5-P by? | |
859337984 | 1. Ribose 5-P -> Ribulose 5-P by phosphopentose isomerase 2. Ribulose 5-P -> Ribulose 1,5-BP by Phosphoribulose kinase with the use of an ATP | How is Ribose 5-P converted to Ribulose 1,5BP? | |
859337985 | 1. Xylulose 5-P -> Ribulose 5-P by phosphopentose epimerase 2. Ribulose 5-P -> Ribulose 1,5BP by phosphribulose kinase with the use of ATP | How does Xylulose 5-P convert to Ribulose 1,5BP? | |
859337986 | Ribose 5-Phosphate | WHat molecule is this? | |
859337987 | Xylulose 5-Phosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337988 | Ribulose 5-Phosphate | What molecule is this? | |
859337989 | Draw Slide out | Practice writing out slide. | |
859569186 | Stroma | Where does the calvin cycle happen? This is because everything is pumped outside the Thylakoid. | |
859569187 | Thylakoid space | Thylakoid lumen is also called ? | |
859569188 | Thylakoid membrane space | Where does oxidation/phosphorylation occur? | |
859569189 | CO2 | _____ from air is fixed.That is the power of calvin cycle. Power of synthesizing molecules. | |
859569190 | CO2 | What is carbon from starch? | |
859569191 | NADPH and ATP | To link carbons together it needs energy. generates ___ and ___ to utilize this energy. | |
859569192 | Stage 1: fixation | _________: carbon fixation getting free carbons and fixing them to a molecule. | |
859569193 | 3-Phosphoglycerate | What does stage one generate as the building block using a lot of energy? | |
859569194 | Hexoses -Starches, cellulose, glycogen. | What is our goal to make from the calvin cycle? | |
859569195 | Stage 2: Reduction | _________: adding reducing power. Plants are putting energy in (we take the energy out of 3-phosphoglycerate). Reduce the carbons adding more energy to them to eventually build fructose 6-phosphate. | |
859569196 | Stage 3: Regeneration | _________: Ribulose 1,5_BP is a ribulose, pentoketose. 5 carbons. It accepts the carbons to be fixed on it, in order to make more complex molecules. Hence the reducing power. Must be regenerated | |
859569197 | Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase | What enzyme fixes CO2 on to ribulose 1,5-BP? | |
859569198 | Carboxylase because it is taking CO2 and adding it to Ri-1,5-BP | What is the carboxylase part of Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ? | |
859569199 | Oxygenase: another function of this enzyme that uses oxygen instead of CO2. | What is the oxygenase part of Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase? | |
859569200 | Carboxylase of Rubisco | The _____ run, which is fixing of CO2. Happens by adding CO2 to make a unstable 6 carbon intermediate that can be broken into two 3 carbon molecules. | |
859569201 | to male glucose | What can 3-phosphogylcerate produced in stage 1 be eventually used for? | |
859569202 | This is not as efficient as CO2. It makes 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate. This is not useful to make glucose later. | What happens when the oxygenase function of rubisco is used? | |
859569203 | Phosphoglycolate | ____________: eventually used to make amino acids. Potentially glycine. could be converted to glucose, just not a direct path towards making a carbohydrate. | |
859569204 | Electrons | Reduction stage: Now we have 2 molecules of 3-PG. Now going to add _____ to make bigger molecules that is rich in energy. This could later be used in glycolysis or other pathways. | |
859569205 | Uses NADPH not NADH | What is different between the Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in the calvin reaction compared to gyloclysis and gluconeogensis? | |
859569206 | Calvin Cycle | _________; is the process of building a molecule from starch. Starting with CO2 and electrons. Using energy to build molecules full of energy. | |
859569207 | Aldo condensation reaction (adding the two molecules together. | What kind of reaction is DHAP and GA-3P to F-1,6-BP? | |
859569208 | Build any molecule going all the way to glucose 1-phosphate | Once we have built Fructose 6-phosphate, the plants can build any? from the hexose pool, going all the way to? | |
859569209 | It is a substrate used to build polymers. Polymers of glucose, like glycogen, starch, and pectins. | Why does the calvin cycle want to build glucose 1-phosphate? | |
859569210 | No | Can the glucose 6-phosphate be used to build polymers? | |
859569211 | Mutation reaction | What type of reactions is Glucose 6-Phosphate to Glucose 1-Phospahte or vis versa? | |
859569212 | Glucose 1-Phosphate | ________: the molecule that provides the building blocks for homopolymers. | |
859569213 | Isomerazation | What type of reaction converts Fructose 6-Phosphate to Glucose 6-phosphate or vis versa? | |
859569214 | It is built from units of carbon dioxide. | What different about the glucose 1-phosphate built in the Calvin cycle compared to glucose 1-phosphate from the galactose entry to glycolysis? | |
859569215 | hexoses | Calvin cycle allows you to build any? | |
859569216 | By regenerating Ribulose 5-phosphate and phosphorylating it. | How is ribulose 1,5-BP regenerated? | |
859569217 | Transketolase and Aldolase | What two enzymes are responsible for regenerating ribulose 1,5-BP. | |
859569218 | Transketolase and Aldolase | Using what two enzyme that can build any carbohydrate in the monosaccharide world. | |
859569219 | Transketolase | _____________; can catalyze the transfer of a ketone group from one ketose to an aldose. Aka transferring ketones. | |
859569220 | Aldolase | ________: break hexoses into aldose and a ketose. Or can build a hexose from DHAP and a ketose. | |
859569221 | Transketolase | ______: moves the ketone from F-6P to GA-3P to make Xylulose 5-Phopshate. F-6P without the ketone is Erythrose 4P | |
859569222 | Xylulose 5-Phosphate | What is a ketone + GA-3P make? | |
859569223 | Erythrose 4-Phosphate | What is fructose 6-Phosphate without the ketone? | |
859569224 | Calvin Cycle, Stage 3: regeneration | All the molecules produced from _____ are floating in the cycle and a provider for building blocks. | |
859569225 | Erythrose 4-Phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate | What two things react with aldolase to make seduhetpulose 1,7-bisphosphate? | |
859569226 | Dephosphorylation | What type of reaction does Sedoheptulose 1,7 bisphosphate phosphatase do? | |
859569227 | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. | Seduheptose 7-phosphate will donate its ketone group to _____ to make Xylulose 5-Phosphate | |
859569228 | Xylulose 5-Phosphate | What does the ketone from Sedoheptose -7P + GA-3P make? | |
859569229 | Ribose 5-Phosphate | What is Sedohetpose 7-phosphate minus its ketone? | |
859569230 | ketose | Ribose is a hexose while ribulose is a? | |
859569231 | Aldose to a Ketose | What type of isomerization reaction is Ribose 5-phosphate to Ribulose 5-Phosphate? | |
859569232 | Epimer at carbon 3. | What type of epimer reaction is Xylulose 5-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate. | |
859569233 | Calvin Cycle | Now we have generating electron power from scratch, we generated ATP from scratch, and then used these to make bigger molecules that have electron power. All these molecules end up in our foods that we digest and use in glycolysis. What process is this? |