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Calvin Cycle Flashcards

Biochemistry

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859337930Melvin ClavinWho discovered Calvin Cycle?
859337931dark reactionsThe reactions of this cycle are called the ___________ because they do NOT depend on light energy directly.
859337932LightWhat do the calvin reaction not depend on?
859337933-photosynthesis - sugarsThe cycle uses the energy produced by ____________ to synthesize _______ (such as glucose) by reducing CO2.
859337934CO2______ is reduced using the reducing potential of NADPH that is also produced by photosynthesis.
859337935NADPHCO2 is reduced using the reducing potential of _______ that is also produced by photosynthesis.
859337936autotrophsThis is why photosynthetic organisms are called ________ (self- feeders).
859337937heterotrophs.Non-photosynthetic organisms are called __________.
8593379381. Fixation 2. Reduction 3. RegenerationWhat are the three stages?
859337939Rubisco________ is the most abundant protein (enzyme) on the planet.
8593379401,5-ribulose- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenaseWhat is another name for rubisco?
8593379411,5-ribulose- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase____________: It catalyzes the same reaction two different ways. 
859337942Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerateWhat starts and ends stage one?
8593379433-PhosphoglycerateWhat molecule is this?
859337944Ribulose 1,5 BisphosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337945Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerateWhat catalyzes this reaction?
8593379463- phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate.Sometimes Rubisco reacts with oxygen instead of CO2 to form ?
859337947salvage pathwayPhosphoglycolate undergoes a ______________ to salvage the carbon skeleton.
859337948salvage pathway____________: This pathway ultimately produces the amino acid glycine which can potentially convert to glucose
859337949glycineWhat does Phosphglycolate ultimately produce?
859337950NODoes the salvage pathway produce ATP or NADPH?
859337951PhosphoglycolateWhat molecule is this?
859337952Hydroperoxide intermediateWhat molecule is this?
859337953Phosphoglycolate 3- PhosphoglycerateWhat happens with Ribulose 1,5BP reacts with oxygen and rubisco?
859337954You get two 3- PhosphoglycerateWhat happens with Ribulose 1,5BP reacts with CO2 and rubisco?
8593379553-phosphglycerate to Fructose 6-phosphateWhat starts and finishes stage 2?
859337956reactions in glycolysis?What is stage 2 familiar to?
859337957twoHow many of each molecule in stage two up to fructose 6-phosophate?
859337958Phosphoglycerate kinase with the use of 2 ATPs because two of each molecule.What converts 3-phosphogylcerate to 1,3BPG?
859337959Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the use of 2 NADPH because 2 of each molecule.What converts 1,3-BPG to Glyceraldhyde 3-Phosphate?
8593379601. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to fructose 1,6 BP by aldolase. 2. Fructose 1,6BP to F-6P by Fructose 1,6-BisphosphataseHow is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate converted to Fructose 6-phosphate?
8593379611,3 BisphosphoglycerateWhat molecule is this?
859337962Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337963Fructose 6-PhosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337964Fructose 1,6 BisphosphateWhat molecule is this?
8593379651. Glucose 1- phosphate has a reversible reaction with G-6P by phosphoglucomutase. 2. Glucose 6-phosphate has a reversible reaction with F-6P by phosopglucosomeraeWhat is the hexose monophosphate pool?
859337966The regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphateWhat happens in stage 3?
859337967Three reactionsGenerating 5-carbon sugar from 6-carbon sugar requires?
8593379681. Transketolase 2. Aldolase 3. TransketolaseGenerating 5-carbon sugar from 6-carbon sugar requires THREE reactions. What are they?
859337969TransketolaseStage 3. 1. ________: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a ketone group from a ketose to an aldose.
859337970AldolaseStage 3 2. _______: We encountered this enzyme in glycolysis. Catalyzes aldo condensation.
859337971TransketolaseStage 3 3. _________: to generate a 5-carbon sugar.
859337972Erythrose 4-phosphate + Xylulose 5-phosphateFructose 6P + GA 3P are catalyzed by transketolase to produce?
859337973TransketolaseFructose 6P + GA 3P are catalyzed by what to create Erythrose 4-phosphate + Xylulose 5-phosphate ?
859337974Xyulose 5-phosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337975Erythrose 4-PhosphateWhat molecule is this? `
859337976Sedoheptulose 1,7 bisphosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337977Sedoheptulose 7-PhosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337978Sedoheptulose 1,7 -BPWhat does Erthyrose 4P and DHAP create with aldolase?
859337979AldolaseErthyrose 4P and DHAP are reacted to make Sedoheptulose 1,7 -BP by?
859337980Sedoheptulose 7, phosphateSedoheptulose 1,7 -BP reacts with Sedohetpulose 1,7 bisphosphtase to create?
859337981Sedohetpulose 1,7 bisphosphtaseSedoheptulose 1,7 -BP is changed to Sedoheptulose 7, phosphate by?
859337982Ribose 5-P and Xyulose 5-PSedoheptulose 7, phosphate + GA-3P react with Transketolase to make?
859337983TanskeolaseSedoheptulose 7, phosphate + GA-3P can make Ribose 5-P and Xyulose 5-P by?
8593379841. Ribose 5-P -> Ribulose 5-P by phosphopentose isomerase 2. Ribulose 5-P -> Ribulose 1,5-BP by Phosphoribulose kinase with the use of an ATPHow is Ribose 5-P converted to Ribulose 1,5BP?
8593379851. Xylulose 5-P -> Ribulose 5-P by phosphopentose epimerase 2. Ribulose 5-P -> Ribulose 1,5BP by phosphribulose kinase with the use of ATPHow does Xylulose 5-P convert to Ribulose 1,5BP?
859337986Ribose 5-PhosphateWHat molecule is this?
859337987Xylulose 5-PhosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337988Ribulose 5-PhosphateWhat molecule is this?
859337989Draw Slide outPractice writing out slide.
859569186StromaWhere does the calvin cycle happen? This is because everything is pumped outside the Thylakoid.
859569187Thylakoid spaceThylakoid lumen is also called ?
859569188Thylakoid membrane spaceWhere does oxidation/phosphorylation occur?
859569189CO2_____ from air is fixed.That is the power of calvin cycle. Power of synthesizing molecules.
859569190CO2What is carbon from starch?
859569191NADPH and ATPTo link carbons together it needs energy. generates ___ and ___ to utilize this energy.
859569192Stage 1: fixation_________: carbon fixation getting free carbons and fixing them to a molecule.
8595691933-PhosphoglycerateWhat does stage one generate as the building block using a lot of energy?
859569194Hexoses -Starches, cellulose, glycogen.What is our goal to make from the calvin cycle?
859569195Stage 2: Reduction_________: adding reducing power. Plants are putting energy in (we take the energy out of 3-phosphoglycerate). Reduce the carbons adding more energy to them to eventually build fructose 6-phosphate.
859569196Stage 3: Regeneration_________: Ribulose 1,5_BP is a ribulose, pentoketose. 5 carbons. It accepts the carbons to be fixed on it, in order to make more complex molecules. Hence the reducing power. Must be regenerated
859569197Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenaseWhat enzyme fixes CO2 on to ribulose 1,5-BP?
859569198Carboxylase because it is taking CO2 and adding it to Ri-1,5-BPWhat is the carboxylase part of Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ?
859569199Oxygenase: another function of this enzyme that uses oxygen instead of CO2.What is the oxygenase part of Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase?
859569200Carboxylase of RubiscoThe _____ run, which is fixing of CO2. Happens by adding CO2 to make a unstable 6 carbon intermediate that can be broken into two 3 carbon molecules.
859569201to male glucoseWhat can 3-phosphogylcerate produced in stage 1 be eventually used for?
859569202This is not as efficient as CO2. It makes 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate. This is not useful to make glucose later.What happens when the oxygenase function of rubisco is used?
859569203Phosphoglycolate____________: eventually used to make amino acids. Potentially glycine. could be converted to glucose, just not a direct path towards making a carbohydrate.
859569204ElectronsReduction stage: Now we have 2 molecules of 3-PG. Now going to add _____ to make bigger molecules that is rich in energy. This could later be used in glycolysis or other pathways.
859569205Uses NADPH not NADHWhat is different between the Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in the calvin reaction compared to gyloclysis and gluconeogensis?
859569206Calvin Cycle_________; is the process of building a molecule from starch. Starting with CO2 and electrons. Using energy to build molecules full of energy.
859569207Aldo condensation reaction (adding the two molecules together.What kind of reaction is DHAP and GA-3P to F-1,6-BP?
859569208Build any molecule going all the way to glucose 1-phosphateOnce we have built Fructose 6-phosphate, the plants can build any? from the hexose pool, going all the way to?
859569209It is a substrate used to build polymers. Polymers of glucose, like glycogen, starch, and pectins.Why does the calvin cycle want to build glucose 1-phosphate?
859569210NoCan the glucose 6-phosphate be used to build polymers?
859569211Mutation reactionWhat type of reactions is Glucose 6-Phosphate to Glucose 1-Phospahte or vis versa?
859569212Glucose 1-Phosphate________: the molecule that provides the building blocks for homopolymers.
859569213IsomerazationWhat type of reaction converts Fructose 6-Phosphate to Glucose 6-phosphate or vis versa?
859569214It is built from units of carbon dioxide.What different about the glucose 1-phosphate built in the Calvin cycle compared to glucose 1-phosphate from the galactose entry to glycolysis?
859569215hexosesCalvin cycle allows you to build any?
859569216By regenerating Ribulose 5-phosphate and phosphorylating it.How is ribulose 1,5-BP regenerated?
859569217Transketolase and AldolaseWhat two enzymes are responsible for regenerating ribulose 1,5-BP.
859569218Transketolase and AldolaseUsing what two enzyme that can build any carbohydrate in the monosaccharide world.
859569219Transketolase_____________; can catalyze the transfer of a ketone group from one ketose to an aldose. Aka transferring ketones.
859569220Aldolase________: break hexoses into aldose and a ketose. Or can build a hexose from DHAP and a ketose.
859569221Transketolase______: moves the ketone from F-6P to GA-3P to make Xylulose 5-Phopshate. F-6P without the ketone is Erythrose 4P
859569222Xylulose 5-PhosphateWhat is a ketone + GA-3P make?
859569223Erythrose 4-PhosphateWhat is fructose 6-Phosphate without the ketone?
859569224Calvin Cycle, Stage 3: regenerationAll the molecules produced from _____ are floating in the cycle and a provider for building blocks.
859569225Erythrose 4-Phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphateWhat two things react with aldolase to make seduhetpulose 1,7-bisphosphate?
859569226DephosphorylationWhat type of reaction does Sedoheptulose 1,7 bisphosphate phosphatase do?
859569227Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.Seduheptose 7-phosphate will donate its ketone group to _____ to make Xylulose 5-Phosphate
859569228Xylulose 5-PhosphateWhat does the ketone from Sedoheptose -7P + GA-3P make?
859569229Ribose 5-PhosphateWhat is Sedohetpose 7-phosphate minus its ketone?
859569230ketoseRibose is a hexose while ribulose is a?
859569231Aldose to a KetoseWhat type of isomerization reaction is Ribose 5-phosphate to Ribulose 5-Phosphate?
859569232Epimer at carbon 3.What type of epimer reaction is Xylulose 5-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate.
859569233Calvin CycleNow we have generating electron power from scratch, we generated ATP from scratch, and then used these to make bigger molecules that have electron power. All these molecules end up in our foods that we digest and use in glycolysis. What process is this?

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