Questions made by myself will always end in question marks, while vocabulary words will be written alone.
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| 963710095 | Light Microscope (LM) | Visible light is passed through specimen and glass lenses. Lenses refract light to magnify specimen. | |
| 963710096 | What are the 3 important parameters in microscopy? | Magnification, resolution, and contrast | |
| 963710097 | Organelles | The membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells | |
| 963710098 | Electron Microscope (EM) | Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface | |
| 963710099 | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Used for detailed study of topography of a specimen. Beam scans surface of sample, excites electrons on the surface and their pattern is translated onto a video screen. It appears to be 3-D. | |
| 963710100 | Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | Used to study the internal structure of cells. Beam goes through a thin section of specimen, pattern is displayed. Uses electromagnetic lenses. | |
| 963710101 | What can we use light microscopy to see? | Frog egg, human egg, most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondrion | |
| 963710102 | What can we use electron microscopy to see? | Human egg, most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondrion, smallest bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids | |
| 963710103 | Microscopes are the most important tools of what scientific study? | Cytology, the study of cell structure | |
| 963710104 | Cell fractionation | Useful technique for studying cell structure and function, takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another | |
| 963710105 | What domains consist of prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and archaea | |
| 963710106 | What domains consist of eukaryotic cells? | Protists, fungi, animals, and plants | |
| 963710107 | Cytosol | Semi-fluid jelly-like substance in which sub-cellular components are suspended | |
| 963710108 | What basic features do all cells share? | They all are bounded by a plasma membrane, have cytosol inside, contain chromosomes, and have ribosomes | |
| 963710109 | Eukaryotic Cell | DNA is mostly stored in the nucleus | |
| 963710110 | Prokaryotic Cell | DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed called the nucleoid | |
| 963710111 | Nucleoid | Location of DNA in prokaryotic cells | |
| 963710112 | Cytoplasm | Interior of both cells (Region between nucleus and plasma membrane) | |
| 963710113 | What is absent in a prokaryotic cell? | Organelles and a true nucleus | |
| 963710114 | Which cell is larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | Eukaryotic | |
| 963710115 | Plasma Membrane | A selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell | |
| 963710116 | What is important about the ratio of surface area to volume for cells? | As a cell increases in size, volume grows more than its surface area. A smaller object has a greater ratio of surface area to volume. | |
| 963710117 | What components are only in animal cells and not plant cells? | Lysosomes, centrosomes with centrioles, flagella | |
| 963710118 | What components are only in plant cells and not animal cells? | Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata | |
| 963710119 | Nucleus | Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell | |
| 963710120 | Nuclear envelope | Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It is a double membrane and contains pores. | |
| 963710121 | Nuclear Lamina | Lines the nuclear side of the envelope, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of a nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope | |
| 963710122 | What is the nuclear matrix? | A framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior | |
| 963710123 | Chromosomes | Discrete units containing organized DNA, DNA are in long molecules with proteins | |
| 963710124 | What is the role of proteins attached to DNA molecules? | They reduce its length allowing it to fit into the nucleus | |
| 963710125 | Chromatin | Complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes | |
| 963710126 | How many chromosomes does a human cell have? | 46. Remember chromosomes differ by species. | |
| 963710127 | Nucleolus | A prominent structure within the non-dividing nucleus. Synthesizes rRNA, beings assembling of ribosomes | |
| 963710128 | Describe transcription and translation briefly | The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing mRNA according to DNA instructions. mRNA travels out nuclear pore and into cytoplasm, where ribosomes translate the mRNA genetic message into a primary structure of a polypeptide. | |
| 963710129 | Ribosomes | Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, cellular components that carry out protein synthesis | |
| 963710130 | Where do ribosomes synthesize proteins? | While suspended in the cytosol ("free") or while attached the outside of the ER and nuclear envelope ("bound") | |
| 963710131 | Can ribosomes alternate between "free" and "bound"? | Yes | |
| 963710132 | What do "free" ribosomes typically make? | Proteins that function in the cytosol, like enzymes | |
| 963710133 | What do "bound" ribosomes typically make? | Proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within organelles, or export from the cell | |
| 963710134 | Endomembrane System | Nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, the plasma membrane | |
| 963710135 | What tasks does the endomembrane system carry out? | Synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles in/out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons | |
| 963710136 | How are the membranes of this system related? | Through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles | |
| 963710137 | Vesicles | sacs made of membrane | |
| 963710138 | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Extensive network of membranes, consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae | |
| 963710139 | What is the inner compartment of the ER called? | The ER lumen cavity or cisternal space | |
| 963710140 | How are the nuclear envelope and ER related? | The ER membrane (and the lumen of the ER) is continuous with the nuclear envelope | |
| 963710141 | Smooth ER | Outer surface lacks ribosomes, functions include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions | |
| 963710142 | Rough ER | Studded with ribosomes on the outer surface, functions include creating secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and phospholipids | |
| 963710143 | Glycoproteins | Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. Carbs are attached to proteins in ER by enzymes. | |
| 963710144 | Transport Vesicles | Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another | |
| 963710145 | Golgi Apparatus | Receives, sorts, sends, and manufactures. Products of the ER (proteins) are modified, stored, and sent | |
| 963710146 | What does the golgi apparatus consist of? | Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. The cis face is located near the ER and is where vesicles arrive. The trans face is where vesicles depart. Between the two faces the golgi apparatus modifies the materials. | |
| 963710147 | What does the golgi apparatus manufacture? | Some macromolecules like polysaccharides | |
| 963710148 | Lysosome | Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that animal cells use to digest macromolecules (intracellular digestion) | |
| 963710149 | What is inside a lysosome? | Lysosomal enzymes that work only in the acidic pH of a lysosome. They recycle the cell's own organic material in autophagy. | |
| 963710150 | How are lysosomes made? | They are manufactured by the rough ER and process through the gogli apparatus | |
| 963710151 | Phagocytosis | Engulfing smaller organisms or food particles | |
| 963710152 | Vacuoles | Large vesicles made from the ER and Golgi apparatus | |
| 963710153 | Food Vacuoles | Formed by phagocytosis and are swallowed up by lysosomes | |
| 963710154 | Contractile Vacuoles | Pump excess water out of the cell maintaining suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell | |
| 963710155 | Central Vacuole | In plant cells, develops by coalescence of smaller vacuoles. Contains cell sap (the cell's main repository of inorganic ions). Plays major role in cell growth | |
| 963710156 | Mitochondria | Sites of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels | |
| 963710157 | Chloroplasts | In plants, sites of photosynthesis, converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds | |
| 963710158 | Endosymbiont Theory | A eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and over time it evolved into a eukaryotic cell with mitochondria. Mitochondria have two membranes surrounding them, contain ribosomes, and DNA like chloroplasts, and both are somewhat independent in the cell | |
| 963710159 | Cristae | Infoldings in the inner membrane of mitochondria | |
| 963710160 | Mitochondrial matrix | The second compartment of mitochondria (first is Intermembrane space). The matrix contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes. Enzymes catalyze cellular respiration | |
| 963710161 | Thykaloids | Flat interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast | |
| 963710162 | Granum | A stack of thykaloids inside the chloroplast | |
| 963710163 | Stroma | Fluid filling the chloroplast | |
| 963710164 | What are the three compartments of chloroplasts? | Intermembrane space, stroma, and thykaloid space | |
| 963710165 | Plastid | Plant organelles. Amyloplast stores starch in roots and tubers, chromoplast gives fruits and flowers color | |
| 963710166 | Peroxisome | Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Breaks down fatty acids, detoxify alcohol. | |
| 963710167 | Cytoskeleton | Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, organizes the structures and activities of the cell, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments | |
| 963710168 | What are the roles of the cytoskeleton? | Support cell and maintain shape, provides anchorage for organelles, and help movement | |
| 963710169 | Motor proteins | Work with cytoskeleton to move cell | |
| 963710170 | Microtubules | Thickest hollow rods constructed from tubulin (alpha tubulin and beta tubulin), can grow longer and disassemble, shape and support cell | |
| 963710171 | Centrosome | Near nucleus, microtubule organizing center | |
| 963710172 | Centrioles | Nine sets of triplet microtubules that form a ring | |
| 963710173 | Flagella and cilia | Microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells, act as locomotor appendages | |
| 963710174 | What are the different beating patterns of flagella and cilia? | Flagella move like the tail of a fish, cilia like oars | |
| 963710175 | What is primary cilium? | Signal receiving antenna, crucial to brain function and embryonic development | |
| 963710176 | Basal body | Anchors microtubule assembly of cilia or flagella | |
| 963710177 | Dyneins | Composed of polypeptides, flexible cross-linking proteins that are responsible for the bending movements of the organelle | |
| 963710178 | Microfilaments | Solid rods, built from actin in twisted double chain, form structural networks, bear tension to help support cell shape | |
| 963710179 | Actin | Globular protein | |
| 963710180 | Cortex | Outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell | |
| 963710181 | Myosin | Thicker filaments help movement | |
| 963710182 | Pseudopodia | Crawls using these cellular extensions | |
| 963710183 | Cytoplasmic streaming | Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, speeds distribution of materials within cell | |
| 963710184 | Intermediate filaments | Bear tension, constructed of proteins of keratin family, sturdy | |
| 963710185 | Cell Wall | extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water as well as holding the plant against gravity | |
| 963710186 | What is the cell wall composed of? | It's thick and material differs from species to species and cell to cell. Microfibrils made of cellulose are synthesized and in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins | |
| 963710187 | Primary Cell Wall | From a young plant, a relatively thin and flexible wall | |
| 963710188 | Middle Lamella | Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins, between primary walls of adjacent cells | |
| 963710189 | Secondary Cell Wall | Strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support | |
| 963710190 | Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | Glycoproteins and carb-containing molecules secreted by cells creates it | |
| 963710191 | Collagen | Abundant glycoprotein that forms strong fibers outside the cells | |
| 963710192 | Proteoglycans | Collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven out of this | |
| 963710193 | Fibronectin | ECM glycoprotein binds to cell-surface receptor proteins | |
| 963710194 | Integrins | Cell-surface receptor proteins, span the membrane and bind to proteins | |
| 963710195 | Plasmodesmata | Perforates cell wall, membrane lined channels filled with cytoplasm | |
| 963710196 | Tight Junctions | Plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other, bound my proteins. Prevent leakage of extracellular fluid. | |
| 963710197 | Desmosomes | Fasten cells together into strong sheets, intermediate filaments anchor them in the cytoplasm. Attach muscle cells. | |
| 963710198 | Gap junctions | Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore, necessary for communication between cells |
