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| 1946193152 | Gene | A discrete unite of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA | 0 | |
| 1946193153 | DNA | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G) | 1 | |
| 1946193154 | Nucleotide Differences | RNA is a single strand, ribose sugar and U with A, not T. DNA is double stranded, deoxyribose and T, A, C, G. | 2 | |
| 1946193155 | RNA Modifications after transcription | Immature RNA becomes mature due to protein splicing | 3 | |
| 1946193156 | mRNA | ____in the nucleus that encodes the DNA code, writes it down, has U's instead of T's, only one strand | 4 | |
| 1946193157 | RNA Polymerase | An enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA by attaching to the promoter region of the DNA, after it's unwound(by helicase). | 5 | |
| 1946193158 | poly(A) Tail | A sequence of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 6 | |
| 1946193159 | 5' Cap | specially altered nucleotide on the__end of some eukaryotic primary transcripts -guanine cap which serves to protect the RNA and attach the ribosomes. | 7 | |
| 1946193160 | Translation | When mRNA and tRNA(anticodon) translate the code, by transferring the correct amino acid for the codon(mRNA) There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids | 8 | |
| 1946193161 | Protein Synthesis | the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins by mRNA writing down the code from the DNA template, tRNA transferring the correct amino acid, and then they bond to form the protein. | 9 | |
| 1946193162 | Ribosome (large vs small) | A molecule consisting of 2 subunits that fit together and work as 1 to build proteins according to messages in mRNA. Using mRNA as a template, it traverses codon and pairs with the right amino acid. Interacting with tRNA. | 10 | |
| 1946193163 | A site | ribosome binding site. holds tRNA carrying amino acid for polypeptide chain | 11 | |
| 1946193164 | tRNA | Transports specific amino acids to ribosome to add to polypeptide chain on the ribosome | 12 | |
| 1946193165 | rRNA | location where the mRNA and tRNA meet; 2 units(lg and sm) | 13 | |
| 1946193166 | Start Codon | The first of the 3 nucleotide sequence that specifies, AUG, that establishes the reading frame for protein synthesis | 14 | |
| 1946193167 | Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesase | An enzyme that joins each amino acid or the to the appropriate tRNA | 15 | |
| 1946193168 | Amino acids | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides to build a protein | 16 | |
| 1946193169 | Peptidyl Transferase | an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of amino acid residues to the growing polypeptide chain in protein synthesis by means of peptide bonds | 17 | |
| 1946193170 | Polypeptide | single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by amide bonds | 18 | |
| 1946193171 | Codons | a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis | 19 | |
| 1946193172 | Stop Codons | nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation. UGA, UAG, UAA | 20 | |
| 1946193173 | Anticodons | a sequence of three nucleotides in a region of transfer RNA that recognizes a complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation | 21 | |
| 1946193174 | Initiation | ...1st step in translation of RNA. Two step process to establish exactly where translation will begin, ensuring that the mRNA codons are translated in the correct sequence of amino acids. | 22 | |
| 1946193175 | Elongation | ...Aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site. And the binding occurs due to cod an/anticodon recognition | 23 | |
| 1946193176 | Termination | ...tells the polymerase to stop by Release Factors which bind with stop codons in the A site; add water to release the chain from final tRNA, mRNA is released and free | 24 | |
| 1946193177 | promoter | DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription, contains the TATA box | 25 | |
| 1946193178 | TATA box | a promoter DNA sequence | 26 | |
| 1946193179 | direction for processing mRNA | DNA-3 to 5, mRNA-5 to 3 | 27 | |
| 1946193180 | transcription factors | proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase | 28 | |
| 1946193181 | RNA splicing | removal of large portions of RNA molecule that is initially synthesized-long noncoding sequences, not continuous(split into segments) | 29 | |
| 1946193182 | introns | intervening sequences that do not code-stay in the nucleus, refer to both the DNA and RNA sequences that encode them | 30 | |
| 1946193183 | exons | EXIT the nucleus, because they will be coded | 31 | |
| 1946193184 | wobble | pairing with tRNA -can be different anticodons synonymous for a given amino acid; allows 45 rRNA molecules to service all the different types of codons on the mRNA | 32 | |
| 1946193185 | point mutation | single base pair of a gene, can be harmful, not fatal, a disease for instance, only affects one amino acid | 33 | |
| 1946193186 | insertions and deletions | add or loss-causes a frame shift-can be disastrous | 34 | |
| 1946193187 | Bacteria | ..prokaryotic cells that consists of 1 double stranded circular DNA. | 35 | |
| 1946193188 | operon | ...promoter/operator pair that services multiple genes | 36 | |
| 1946193189 | operator | ...a short sequence near the promoter that assists in transcription by interacting with regulatory proteins(factors) | 37 | |
| 1946193190 | regulator | ...enhancer, DNA region that is influences transcription by interacting with specific transcription factors | 38 | |
| 1946193191 | repressor | ...protein that prevents the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter site | 39 | |
| 1946193192 | inducer | ...molecule that binds to and inactivates a repressor | 40 | |
| 1946193193 | pyrimidine | Thymine and cytosine, single ring structure, will match with a purine | 41 | |
| 1946193194 | purine | adenosine and guanine, double ring structure, will match with a pyrimidine | 42 | |
| 1946193195 | helicase | unzips the helix of DNA to start replication and protein synthesis | 43 | |
| 1946193196 | P site | the site the polypeptide bond of the protein, A site is behind it "new ___" is bonding the amino acid from the A site, and the "old P" site release the tRNA | 44 | |
| 1946193197 | DNA methylation | addition of methyl, CH3, to DNA which renders DNA inactive, ex. Barr Bodies | 45 | |
| 1946193198 | virus | parasitic infectious agent that can only survive on a host, only DNA and a capsid(protein coat) | 46 | |
| 1946193199 | retrovirus | RNA virus that carries an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, EX: HIV virus of AIDS, reverse transcription | 47 | |
| 1946193200 | lytic cycle | the cell produces many viral offspring which are released from the cell and kill the host cell in the process | 48 | |
| 1946193201 | lysogenic cycle | the virus falls dormant and incorporates its DNA into the host DNA as an entity(provirus). Viral DNA is reproduced every time, staying alive, never killing the host. Can enter into a lytic cycle | 49 | |
| 1946193202 | plasmids | circular DNA in bacteria, with only a few genes, replicate independent of the main chromosome | 50 | |
| 1946193203 | binary fission | bacteria's reproductive process, replicates DNA and pinches in half, so identical to parent | 51 | |
| 1946193204 | transformation | uptake of foreign DNA, use of proteins on the surface of cells that snag pieces of DNA | 52 | |
| 1946193205 | Griffith's experiment | bacteria Strep which is either rough(non virulent) or smooth(virulent)-->passes the virulent strain because they were transformed | 53 | |
| 1946193206 | virulent | strain that contracts the illness | 54 | |
| 1946193207 | bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria, by latching on the surface of a cell and firing the DNA into the cell | 55 | |
| 1946193208 | transduction | movement of genes from one cell to another by phages, specialized or specialized | 56 | |
| 1946193209 | generalized transduction | creating a new cell to resistant to penicillin by a phage virus infecting and taking over a bacterial cell that contains a functional gene for resistance to penicillin | 57 | |
| 1946193210 | specialized transduction | virus that is in the lysogenic cycle, resting quietly along with the other DNA of the host cell. If the new phage offspring attaches to a cell that is not penicillin resistant and injects its DNA and crossover occurs, specialized transduction occurred. | 58 | |
| 1946193211 | recombinant DNA | when DNA fragments with sticky ends reconnect with other DNA fragments. For genetic engineering to move DNA from one source to another. | 59 |
