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| 1242824964 | What is the order of packaging of DNA from first to last? | Histones to Nucelosomes to 30 nanometer chromatin to loops to chromosome. | 0 | |
| 1242824966 | The following are characteristics of histones. | 1. Are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin. 2. Are in groups of 8 histones per nucleosome. 3. Have protein unit H 1 linker protein. | 1 | |
| 1242824968 | Levels of regulation of gene expression are: | 1. Chromatin Structure 2. Transcription Initiation 3. Post-transcription | 2 | |
| 1242824970 | Histone modification | Chemical modification of histone tails can affect the configuration of chromatin by exposing DNA and thus allowing gene expression. | 3 | |
| 1242824972 | What is histone acetylation? | Acetylation of histone tails promotes loosening chromatin structure that permits transcription, by removing the positive charge of the histone, decreasing the interaction with the negative charges of the DNA phosphate backbone. | 4 | |
| 1242824974 | What is histone methylation? | Histone methylation is in general associated with transcription repression, such as methylation of cytosine. | 5 | |
| 1242824976 | Epigenetic inheritance | Inheritance that is Non-mendelian, non-mutational, not based on DNA sequence. | 6 | |
| 1242824978 | Transcription factors | proteins that Assist DNA polymerase in transcription. | 7 | |
| 1242824980 | Activators | Protein that binds to enhancer regions also called distal control elements and speed up the rate of transcription. | 8 | |
| 1242824982 | Repressors | Protein that binds to silencer regions and slow down the rate of transcription. | 9 | |
| 1242824984 | Basal transcription factors. | Position RNA polymerase at the start position for to initiate transcription. | 10 | |
| 1242824986 | Coactivators | Assist in signal transmission of activators or repressors. | 11 | |
| 1242824988 | Post-Transcriptional Regulations include: | 1. RNA processing 2. mRNA degradation (miRNAs) 3. Initiation of translation 4. Protein processing and degradation | 12 | |
| 1242824990 | alternative RNA splicing | Describes when different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. | 13 | |
| 1242824993 | microRNAs (miRNAs) | single stranded, small segments of RNA that attach to mRNA to disable transcription or degrade the mRNA | 14 | |
| 1242824995 | Proteasomes | giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them, example Ubiquitin. | 15 | |
| 1242824997 | Cancer-causing genes | Oncogenes | 16 | |
| 1242824999 | Proto-oncogenes | Normal cellular genes that code for proteins for normal cell growth and division but if mutated becomes oncogene. | 17 | |
| 1242825001 | Four ways to convert a proto-oncogene to an onco gene: | 1. translocation of gene to new locus. 2.excessive gene amplification. 3. point mutation within a controlling element. 4. point mutation within the gene. | 18 | |
| 1242825003 | Tumor-suppressor genes | Encode proteins that inhibit abnormal cell division, example is p53 gene. | 19 | |
| 1242825005 | Ras gene Ras pathway | A cell stimulating pathway that when mutated can cause uncontrolled stimulation of cells. | 20 | |
| 1242825007 | p53 gene | A tumor suppressor. A cell inhibiting pathway that blocks DNA replication of damaged DNA, when mutated is unable to block DNA replication of damaged DNA, leading to excessive growth and cancer. | 21 | |
| 1242825009 | Transposable Elements | Also known as transposons, jumping genes, are DNA segments that can change its position within a genome. | 22 | |
| 1242825011 | Retrotransposons | Jumping genes which move within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate. | 23 | |
| 1242825013 | The classic examples of multigene families of nonidentical genes. | Alpha and Beta Hemoglobins, each from a different gene family, from chromosome 16 and 11.. | 24 | |
| 1242825016 | DNA mutations | Underlies much of genome evolution | 25 | |
| 1242825018 | Transposable elements | May be involved in genome evolution; they constitute two-thirds of the human genome. | 26 | |
| 1245521626 | Fetal programming | Fetus is exposed to prenatal environment that modifies gene expression. | 27 |
