Campbell 9th Edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 548546849 | apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death that integrates input from multiple signaling pathways | 1 | |
| 548546850 | transduced | how a signal is changed to prompt a cellular response | 2 | |
| 548546851 | signal transduction pathway | a series of steps in which a received signal is converted to a specific cellular response | 3 | |
| 548546852 | quorum sensing | the concentration of signaling molecules, which are sensed by bacteria, allows the bacteria to monitor the local density of cells | 4 | |
| 548546853 | biofilm | an aggregation of bacterial cells adhered to a surface; cells in biofilm generally derive nutrition from the surface they are on | 5 | |
| 548546854 | local regulators | a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted | 6 | |
| 548546855 | growth factors | a class of local regulators found in animals that consists of compounds used to stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide | 7 | |
| 548546856 | paracrine signaling | type of local signaling in animals where numerous cells simultaneously receive and respond to the molecules of growth factor produced by a single cell in their vicinity | 8 | |
| 548546857 | hormones | chemicals found in animals and plants used for long-distance signaling | 9 | |
| 548546858 | endocrine signaling | also known as hormonal signaling in animals; specialized cells release hormone molecules which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body where they reach target cells that can recognize and respond to the hormones | 10 | |
| 548546859 | plant growth regulators | also known as plant hormones; sometimes travel in vessels but more often reach their targets by moving through cells or by diffusing through the air as a gas | 11 | |
| 548546860 | ligand | molecule that specifically binds to another molecule (the latter of which is often larger) | 12 | |
| 548546861 | G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) | a cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein | 13 | |
| 548546862 | G protein | a protein that binds the energy-rich molelecule GTP to the GPCR and other enzymes | 14 | |
| 548546863 | receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) | belong to a major class of plasma membrane receptors characterized by having enzymatic activity; RTKs are membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines | 15 | |
| 548546864 | kinase | an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups | 16 | |
| 548546865 | tyrosine kinase | an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein | 17 | |
| 548546866 | ligand-gated ion channel | a type of membrane receptor containing a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape | 18 | |
| 548546867 | voltage-gated ion channels | gated ion channels that are controlled by electrical signals instead of ligands; crucial to the functioning of the nervous system | 19 | |
| 548546868 | transcription factors | proteins that control which genes are turned on (genes that are transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time | 20 | |
| 548546869 | protein kinase | an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein | 21 | |
| 548546870 | protein phosphates | enzymes in the phosphorylation cascade that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation | 22 | |
| 548546871 | second messengers | small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions; can readily spread throughout the cell by diffusion | 23 | |
| 548546872 | "first messengers" | extracellular signaling molecule, the ligand, that binds to the membrane receptor | 24 | |
| 548546873 | cyclic AMP (cAMP) | cyclic adenosine monophosphate; composed of ATP from adenylyl cyclase and often can be used as a second messenger | 25 | |
| 548546874 | adenylyl cyclase | an enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane which converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal | 26 | |
| 548546875 | protein kinase A | a serine/threonine kinase activated by cAMP; activation of protein kinase A leads to cellular responses | 27 | |
| 548546876 | cyclic GMP (cGMP) | acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls | 28 | |
| 548546877 | inositol trisphosphate (IP3) | a type of second messenger produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | 29 | |
| 548546878 | diacylglycerol (DAG) | a type of second messenger produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | 30 | |
| 548546879 | scaffolding proteins | large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached; its presence increases the efficiency of signal transduction | 31 |
