AP Biology Campbell Ninth Edition
1625247146 | Element | a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions | 0 | |
1625247147 | Compound | a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio; a combination of two or more different elements | 1 | |
1625247148 | Essential Elements | an organism needs to live a healthy and productive life | 2 | |
1625247149 | Trace Elements | required by an organism in only minute quantities | 3 | |
1625247150 | Atom | smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element | 4 | |
1625247151 | Subatomic Particles | tiny bits of matter composed of even smaller parts of an atom | 5 | |
1625247152 | What are the three types of Subatomic Particles | Neutrons (neutral charge), Protons (+charge), and Electrons (-charge) | 6 | |
1625247153 | Atomic Nucleus | Protons and Neutrons packed together tightly in a dense core | 7 | |
1625247154 | What keeps the electrons near the Nucleus? | Since the protons are positive, the electrons are attracted because of opposite charge | 8 | |
1625247155 | Dalton | unit of measurement | 9 | |
1625247156 | Atomic number | number of protons, which is unique to that element | 10 | |
1625247157 | Mass Number | the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (number of protons + number of neutrons) | 11 | |
1625247158 | How do you solve the number of neutrons? | mass number - the atomic number | 12 | |
1625247159 | Atomic Mass | the mass number is an approximation of the total mass of an atom | 13 | |
1625247160 | Isotopes | atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass | 14 | |
1625247161 | Radioactive Isotope | the nucleus decays suddenly giving off particles and energy | 15 | |
1625247162 | Energy | capacity to cause change, example: doing work | 16 | |
1625247163 | Potential Energy | the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure changes in the potential energy of electrons can only occur in steps of fixed amounts | 17 | |
1625247164 | Electron Shells | electrons are found; electron's energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus | 18 | |
1625247165 | Valence Electrons | The chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell | 19 | |
1625247166 | Valence Shell | the outermost electron shell | 20 | |
1625247167 | Orbital | 3-D space where an electron is found 90% of the time | 21 | |
1625247168 | Covalent Bond | sharing a pair of valence electrons by two atoms | 22 | |
1625247169 | Molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bond | 23 | |
1625247170 | Single Bond | a pair of sharing electrons | 24 | |
1625247171 | Double Bond | Example: O=O; two oxygen atoms form a molecule by sharing two pairs of valence electrons | 25 | |
1625247172 | Valence | usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost valence shell | 26 | |
1625247173 | Electronegativity | attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | 27 | |
1625247174 | Non-polar Covalent Bond | two atoms of the same elements, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity--the tug-a-war is at a standoff | 28 | |
1625247175 | Polar Covalent Bond | One atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electron of the bond are not shared equally | 29 | |
1625247176 | Ion | a charged atom (or molecule) | 30 | |
1625247177 | Cation | ion that has a positive charge | 31 | |
1625247178 | Anion | ion that has a negative charge | 32 | |
1625247179 | Ionic Bond | Cations and Anions attract together because of opposite charge | 33 | |
1625247180 | Ionic Compounds | compounds formed by ionic bonds; also called salts | 34 | |
1625247181 | Hydrogen Bonds | non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom | 35 | |
1625247182 | Van Der Waals Interactions | frequent changes of positive and negative regions, enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another | 36 | |
1625247183 | Reatants | starting materials; ingredients | 37 | |
1625247184 | Product | ending materials; result of ingredients | 38 | |
1625247185 | Chemical Reactions | making or breaking of chemical bonds | 39 | |
1625247186 | Chemical Equilibrium | When the reactant and product concentration does not have any further tendency to change with time | 40 | |
1625247187 | Polar Molecule | overall change is unevenly distributed | 41 | |
1625247188 | What holds water molecules together? | hydrogen bonds | 42 | |
1625247189 | Cohesion | hydrogen bonds that hold the substance together | 43 | |
1625247190 | Adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another; water and another element | 44 | |
1625247191 | Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to break or bend the surface of water | 45 | |
1625247192 | Kinetic Energy | anything that moves; the energy of motion | 46 | |
1625247193 | Heat | form of energy; the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules | 47 | |
1625247194 | Temperature | the average kinetic energy of the molecules regardless of the volume | 48 | |
1625247195 | Celsius Scale | to indicate temperature | 49 | |
1625247196 | Calorie (cal) | the amount of heat it takes to heat 1 gram of water | 50 | |
1625247197 | Specific Heat | a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of what to change its temperature | 51 | |
1625247198 | Heat of Vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state | 52 | |
1625247199 | Evaporative Cooling | those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as a gas | 53 | |
1625247200 | Solution | A liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances | 54 | |
1625247201 | Solvent | the dissolving agent; water | 55 | |
1625247202 | Soulte | substance that dissolves in Solvent | 56 | |
1625247203 | Aqueous Solution | water is solvent | 57 | |
1625247204 | Hydration Shell | the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | 58 | |
1625247205 | Hydrophilic | water loving substance | 59 | |
1625247206 | Hydrophobic | nonionic and nonpolar actually seem to repel water; oils | 60 | |
1625247207 | Colloid | stable suspension of fine partials in liquid | 61 | |
1625247208 | Molecular Mass | the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule | 62 | |
1625247209 | Mole (mol) | represents an exact number of objects 6.02 X 10 ^23 | 63 | |
1625247210 | Molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution | 64 | |
1625247211 | Hydrogen ion (H+) | single proton with the charge of 1+ | 65 | |
1625247212 | Hydroxide ion (OH-) | charge of 1- | 66 | |
1625247213 | Hydronium ion (H3O+) | proton binds to the other water molecule | 67 | |
1625247214 | Acid | substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution | 68 | |
1625247215 | Base | reduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution | 69 | |
1625247216 | pH | a solution is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration | 70 | |
1625247217 | Buffer | chemicals making the pH stable | 71 | |
1625303748 | Ocean Acidification | when CO2 dissolved in sea water, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH levels | 72 | |
1625303749 | Acid Precipitation | weather that has a lower pH level | 73 | |
1625303750 | Organic Chemistry | study of carbon compounds | 74 | |
1625303751 | Hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen | 75 | |
1625303752 | Isomers | compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties | 76 | |
1625303753 | Structural Isomer | differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms | 77 | |
1625303754 | Cis-Trans Isomers | carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds | 78 | |
1625303755 | Enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon | 79 | |
1625303756 | ATP | transports chemical energy within cells | 80 |