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Campbell AP Biology Chapters 2-4 Vocab Flashcards

AP Biology Campbell Ninth Edition

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1625247146Elementa substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions0
1625247147Compounda substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio; a combination of two or more different elements1
1625247148Essential Elementsan organism needs to live a healthy and productive life2
1625247149Trace Elementsrequired by an organism in only minute quantities3
1625247150Atomsmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element4
1625247151Subatomic Particlestiny bits of matter composed of even smaller parts of an atom5
1625247152What are the three types of Subatomic ParticlesNeutrons (neutral charge), Protons (+charge), and Electrons (-charge)6
1625247153Atomic NucleusProtons and Neutrons packed together tightly in a dense core7
1625247154What keeps the electrons near the Nucleus?Since the protons are positive, the electrons are attracted because of opposite charge8
1625247155Daltonunit of measurement9
1625247156Atomic numbernumber of protons, which is unique to that element10
1625247157Mass Numberthe sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (number of protons + number of neutrons)11
1625247158How do you solve the number of neutrons?mass number - the atomic number12
1625247159Atomic Massthe mass number is an approximation of the total mass of an atom13
1625247160Isotopesatoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass14
1625247161Radioactive Isotopethe nucleus decays suddenly giving off particles and energy15
1625247162Energycapacity to cause change, example: doing work16
1625247163Potential Energythe energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure changes in the potential energy of electrons can only occur in steps of fixed amounts17
1625247164Electron Shellselectrons are found; electron's energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus18
1625247165Valence ElectronsThe chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell19
1625247166Valence Shellthe outermost electron shell20
1625247167Orbital3-D space where an electron is found 90% of the time21
1625247168Covalent Bondsharing a pair of valence electrons by two atoms22
1625247169Moleculetwo or more atoms held together by covalent bond23
1625247170Single Bonda pair of sharing electrons24
1625247171Double BondExample: O=O; two oxygen atoms form a molecule by sharing two pairs of valence electrons25
1625247172Valenceusually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost valence shell26
1625247173Electronegativityattraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond27
1625247174Non-polar Covalent Bondtwo atoms of the same elements, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity--the tug-a-war is at a standoff28
1625247175Polar Covalent BondOne atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electron of the bond are not shared equally29
1625247176Iona charged atom (or molecule)30
1625247177Cationion that has a positive charge31
1625247178Anionion that has a negative charge32
1625247179Ionic BondCations and Anions attract together because of opposite charge33
1625247180Ionic Compoundscompounds formed by ionic bonds; also called salts34
1625247181Hydrogen Bondsnon-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom35
1625247182Van Der Waals Interactionsfrequent changes of positive and negative regions, enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another36
1625247183Reatantsstarting materials; ingredients37
1625247184Productending materials; result of ingredients38
1625247185Chemical Reactionsmaking or breaking of chemical bonds39
1625247186Chemical EquilibriumWhen the reactant and product concentration does not have any further tendency to change with time40
1625247187Polar Moleculeoverall change is unevenly distributed41
1625247188What holds water molecules together?hydrogen bonds42
1625247189Cohesionhydrogen bonds that hold the substance together43
1625247190Adhesionthe clinging of one substance to another; water and another element44
1625247191Surface Tensiona measure of how difficult it is to break or bend the surface of water45
1625247192Kinetic Energyanything that moves; the energy of motion46
1625247193Heatform of energy; the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules47
1625247194Temperaturethe average kinetic energy of the molecules regardless of the volume48
1625247195Celsius Scaleto indicate temperature49
1625247196Calorie (cal)the amount of heat it takes to heat 1 gram of water50
1625247197Specific Heata substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of what to change its temperature51
1625247198Heat of Vaporizationquantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state52
1625247199Evaporative Coolingthose with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as a gas53
1625247200SolutionA liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances54
1625247201Solventthe dissolving agent; water55
1625247202Soultesubstance that dissolves in Solvent56
1625247203Aqueous Solutionwater is solvent57
1625247204Hydration Shellthe sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion58
1625247205Hydrophilicwater loving substance59
1625247206Hydrophobicnonionic and nonpolar actually seem to repel water; oils60
1625247207Colloidstable suspension of fine partials in liquid61
1625247208Molecular Massthe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule62
1625247209Mole (mol)represents an exact number of objects 6.02 X 10 ^2363
1625247210Molaritythe number of moles of solute per liter of solution64
1625247211Hydrogen ion (H+)single proton with the charge of 1+65
1625247212Hydroxide ion (OH-)charge of 1-66
1625247213Hydronium ion (H3O+)proton binds to the other water molecule67
1625247214Acidsubstance that increases the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution68
1625247215Basereduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution69
1625247216pHa solution is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration70
1625247217Bufferchemicals making the pH stable71
1625303748Ocean Acidificationwhen CO2 dissolved in sea water, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH levels72
1625303749Acid Precipitationweather that has a lower pH level73
1625303750Organic Chemistrystudy of carbon compounds74
1625303751Hydrocarbonsorganic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen75
1625303752Isomerscompounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties76
1625303753Structural Isomerdiffer in the covalent arrangements of their atoms77
1625303754Cis-Trans Isomerscarbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds78
1625303755Enantiomersisomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon79
1625303756ATPtransports chemical energy within cells80

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