Campbell Biology 7th Seventh Ed Edition Chapter Ch 5: The Working Cell
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| 1780978802 | fluid mosaic | Membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids. | 0 | |
| 1780978803 | selective permeability | a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out | 1 | |
| 1780978804 | concentration gradient | a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases | 2 | |
| 1780978805 | passive transport | Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient | 3 | |
| 1780978806 | osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | 4 | |
| 1780978807 | tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water | 5 | |
| 1780978808 | hypotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to gain water | 6 | |
| 1780978809 | hypertonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water | 7 | |
| 1780978810 | isotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell | 8 | |
| 1780978811 | osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. | 9 | |
| 1780978812 | turgid | Firm. Walled cells become turgid as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment. | 10 | |
| 1780978813 | facilitated diffusion | A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy. | 11 | |
| 1780978814 | active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 12 | |
| 1780978815 | exocytosis | the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane | 13 | |
| 1780978816 | endocytosis | Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane | 14 | |
| 1780978817 | phagocytosis | Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm | 15 | |
| 1780978818 | pinocytosis | Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles | 16 | |
| 1780978819 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances. | 17 | |
| 1780978820 | energy | Capacity to cause change, especially to perform work | 18 | |
| 1780978821 | kinetic energy | The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter | 19 | |
| 1780978822 | heat | Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form | 20 | |
| 1780978823 | potential energy | energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam possesses potential energy, and so do chemical bonds. | 21 | |
| 1780978824 | chemical energy | Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy | 22 | |
| 1780978825 | thermodynamics | The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter. | 23 | |
| 1780978826 | first law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 24 | |
| 1780978827 | entropy | A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion. | 25 | |
| 1780978828 | second law of thermodynamics | the principle stating that every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. | 26 | |
| 1780978829 | cellular respiration | The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) | 27 | |
| 1780978830 | endergonic reactions | an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. The amount of energy stored in the products equals the difference between the potential energy in the reactants and that in the products | 28 | |
| 1780978831 | energy coupling | In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction | 29 | |
| 1780978832 | phosphorylation | the production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis | 30 | |
| 1780978833 | activation energy | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start | 31 | |
| 1780978834 | enzymes | A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction | 32 | |
| 1780978835 | activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start | 33 | |
| 1780978836 | substrate | a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. | 34 | |
| 1780978837 | active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface | 35 | |
| 1780978838 | induced fit | the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, caused by entry of the substrate, so that it binds more snugly to the substrate | 36 | |
| 1780978839 | cofactor | a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. | 37 | |
| 1780978840 | coenzyme | an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions | 38 | |
| 1780978841 | competitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. This structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate | 39 | |
| 1780978842 | noncompetitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product | 40 | |
| 1780978843 | feedback inhibition | a method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway | 41 | |
| 1780978844 | diffusion | Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium | 42 |
