Cell Communication
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| 896106399 | signal transduction pathway | A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. | |
| 896106400 | local regulators | A chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity. | |
| 896106401 | hormones | chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another, long distance signaling | |
| 896106402 | reception | Target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell | |
| 896106403 | transduction | in cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response | |
| 896106404 | response | In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell. | |
| 896106405 | ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. | |
| 896106406 | G protein | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein-linked receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. When such a receptor is activated, it in turn activates the G protein, causing it to bind a molecule of GTP in place of GDP. Hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP inactivates the G protein. | |
| 896106407 | g protein coupled receptor | A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G protein-linked receptor. | |
| 896106408 | ligand-gated ion channel | A protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. | |
| 896106409 | receptor tyrosine kinase | A receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by forming dimers and catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. The phosphorylated tyrosines activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell. | |
| 896106410 | protein phosphatases | An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. | |
| 896106411 | protein kinases | transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, common way for controlling protein activity | |
| 896106412 | second messengers | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein. | |
| 896106413 | cyclic AMP | a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. | |
| 896106414 | adenylyl cyclase | An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal. | |
| 896106415 | IP3 | One of the products of PIP2 cleavage in the Ca++/phosphoinositide signal pathway. Moves to cytoplasm to trigger Ca++ release from intracellular stores leading to Ca++/calmodulin cascade. Mimicked by calcium ionophores (ionomycin) | |
| 896106416 | DAG | One of the products of PIP2 cleavage in the Ca++/phosphoinositide signal pathway Lipophillic and remains in plasma membrane to activate protein kinase C (PKC) leading to intracellular phosphorylation cascade Mimicked by phorbol | |
| 896106417 | scaffolding proteins | A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction. | |
| 896106418 | apoptosis | programed cell death |
