Chapter 12 and 13 vocabulary from Campbell, Biology, 9th edition
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| 1865915412 | cell cycle | an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. | 0 | |
| 1865915413 | genome | the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with it's non-coding nucleic acid sequences. | 1 | |
| 1865915414 | chromosome | the packages of DNA so that it is manageable. | 2 | |
| 1865915415 | chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes. | 3 | |
| 1865915416 | somatic cells | any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg. | 4 | |
| 1865915417 | gametes | a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. | 5 | |
| 1865915418 | sister chromatids | two copies of a duplicated chromosome. 1/2. | 6 | |
| 1865915419 | centromere | holds the sister chromatid together, | 7 | |
| 1865915420 | mitosis | the division of genetic material in the nucleus. | 8 | |
| 1865915421 | mitotic spindle | Begins to form in prophase from the centrosome. | 9 | |
| 1865915422 | interphase | the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high chromosomes and organelles are duplicated and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. | 10 | |
| 1865915423 | G1 Phase | the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | 11 | |
| 1865915424 | G2 Phase | the second gap or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. | 12 | |
| 1865915425 | S phase | the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated | 13 | |
| 1865915431 | kinetochore | a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. | 14 | |
| 1865915432 | cleavage furrow | a shallow grove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. Actin microfilaments interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract. | 15 | |
| 1865915433 | checkpoint | a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle | 16 | |
| 1865915434 | G0 phase | a non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle. Most cells of the human body are in G0 phase | 17 | |
| 1865915435 | heredity | the transmission of traits from one generation to the next | 18 | |
| 1865915436 | genetics | the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation | 19 | |
| 1865915437 | gene | a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA ( or RNA in some viruses) | 20 | |
| 1865915438 | asexual reproduction | the generation of offspring form a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. | 21 | |
| 1865915439 | clone | (1) a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells (2) in popular usage, and individual that is genetically identical to another individual (3) as a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning. | 22 | |
| 1865915440 | sexual reproduction | a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes. | 23 | |
| 1865915441 | life cycle | the generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism | 24 | |
| 1865915442 | karyotype | a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arrange by size and shape | 25 | |
| 1865915443 | homologous chromosome | a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that posses genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. | 26 | |
| 1865915444 | sex chromosome | a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual | 27 | |
| 1865915445 | autosome | a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome | 28 | |
| 1865915446 | diploid cell | a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n) one set inherited from each parent | 29 | |
| 1865915447 | haploid cell | a cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n) | 30 | |
| 1865915448 | fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. | 31 | |
| 1865915449 | zygote | the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg. | 32 | |
| 1865915450 | meiosis | a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. | 33 | |
| 1865960573 | Arm | The part of a chromatid on either side of the centromere. | 34 | |
| 1865960574 | Locus | A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. | 35 | |
| 1866063482 | What is one of the main things that distinguish living from non-living? | The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind. | 36 | |
| 1866063483 | What are 3 main uses/functions of cell division? | Reproduction Growth and development Tissue Renewal | 37 | |
| 1866063484 | Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm | 38 | |
| 1866063485 | What is the difference between kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules? | Kinetochore connect to chromatids and jerk chromosomes back and forth. Non-Kinetochore interact with those from opposite poles of the spindle. | 39 | |
| 1866063486 | 3 mechanisms that contribute to the genetic variation arising in sexual reproduction | Independent assortment of chromosomes Crossing over Random fertilization | 40 | |
| 1866063487 | Meiosis I | Separates homologous chromosomes | 41 | |
| 1866063488 | Meiosis II | Separates sister chromatids | 42 | |
| 1866063489 | Synapsis | Pairing of homologous chromosomes, Prophase I | 43 | |
| 1866063490 | Crossing over | Nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments, Prophase I | 44 | |
| 1866063491 | Chiasmata | Points where chromatids cross-over, Prophase I | 45 | |
| 1866063492 | Tetrad | A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Prophase I | 46 | |
| 1866063493 | Prophase | The chromatin fibers condense, the nucleoli disappear, the mitotic spindle begins to form | 47 | |
| 1866063494 | Prometaphase | The nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules now invade the nuclear area, kinetochores jerk back and forth | 48 | |
| 1866063495 | Metaphase | The centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell, chromosomes centromeres lie at the metaphase plate | 49 | |
| 1866063496 | Anaphase | Shortest stage of mitosis, sister chromatids part | 50 | |
| 1866063497 | Telophase | Two daughter nuclei form in the cell, Nucleoli reappear | 51 | |
| 1866080407 | Cancer | benign tumor do not cause serious problems and can be completely removed by surgery malignant tumor includes cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs | 52 |
